Electricity Comes to Cocoa Bottom

ocoa Electricity comes to Cocoa Bottom – Essay There are several literary techniques that are used in this poem such as â€Å"lamps†¦Oil† this is very ironic because they have brought old technology to come and see the new technology being unveiled. Also the fact that they are â€Å"waiting for sunset† is ironic because they are replacing natural light with artificial light.Near the beginning there is a Simile used â€Å"Cable was drawn like a pencil line across the sun† This uses one of the main themes of the poem – technology verses nature, it seems that the â€Å"Cable† is taking over from the sun and is sapping some of its power also a â€Å"pencil line† is not as colourful as the sun with the many different shades this implies that the world is going grey and will have less life in it after the technology has â€Å"taken over†.There is also personification and anticipation used in â€Å"A breeze coming home from the s ea held its Breath†; this shows that even nature is aware of how special this event is. Also the â€Å"Bamboo lining the dirt road stopped swaying† even though this is logical being that the wind has stopped it also heightens the sense of anticipation of the grand event. Sibilance is used in â€Å"as soft as chiffon curtains: Closing. Closing. This uses the repeated â€Å"s† sound to give a gentle ending to the verse and the full stop in between the â€Å"Closing† suggests an amount of time has passed. Irony is used again in â€Å"Is there one among us to record this moment? But there was none† this is ironic because the poem is in fact a written record of the moment. The poem is a narrative and you get this feeling of a story all the way through, It has three stanza two long ones and a shorter one the first one is 17 lines and they get smaller to 15 lines then only 6. – couldn’t find much about the form and structure.

Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism

The paper â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism† by Robert Bartholomew discusses cultural differences i. e. what is considered normal and rational in one culture may be considered abnormal in others. Therefore, the author analyzes different attitudes towards human actions (e. g. suicide), and provides overview of cultural relativism and psychiatry. The author’s thesis is that people interpret the world depending on their social and cultural context. He argues that science can’t be applied to identifying and treating abnormality.Bartholomew says that normality is â€Å"not an objective given from which simple assessments of behaviour can be rendered independent of historical era, culture, or group†. (P. 36-37) Normality is defined by cultural background and cultures have their own interpretations what to consider rational or irrational. For example, suicide is not acceptable in Western countries, whereas it is considered normal in Japan. Further, Bartholomew defines cultural relativism as theory of knowledge which is responsible for working out criteria how to judge behaviour of other culture.It is not static and depends on circumstances. There are few standards of universal conduct to evaluate this or that society. The author claims that the problem of cultural relativism results in serious dilemmas for mental health professionals. Actually, psychiatric diagnoses don’t involve assessment of cultural development and influence. However, psychiatry is more interested in religious, social and cultural background than other medical fields. Bartholomew assumes that psychiatry is the most contentious medical branch.In psychiatry ‘illness’ is defined as experiencing living problems, rather than discernible cerebral disease that affects human behaviour. The negative moment is that Western medicine is still transmitting social and professional stereotypes constituting its own values and norms. Summ ing up, the author recommends – when to judge whether the person is normal, it is necessary to get acquainted with his social world and cultural background. Works Cited Bartholomew, Robert. â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism†. Skeptic, 8, 3 (2000): 36-40.

Career Trends in Information Technology Essay

The information technology industry is always changing and evolving, and 2013 looks to be no different. The dramatic rate of change in technology is great for innovation and increased business efficiency but can also cause problems for many organizations. The new changes and breakthroughs in technology require organizations to hire employees that are experienced and up-to-date on the new technologies. Often, this can pose a challenge for businesses because the talent pool is split between recent grads with little experience or longer tenured employees whose skills may not be up to date with the newer tech advances. A recent study of IT executives conducted by Computerworld outlines what the most popular and in demand tech skills will be in the future. 1. Programming and Application Development 60% of the IT executives surveyed claimed they plan to hire employees with programming and application development skills. This need for programming and development skills stems from organizations trying to implement new programs, products and services. Organizations want to offer their customers the positive experience with their products, and having the newest technology is usually the best way for them to accomplish that. A majority of the industry professionals expressed that they will specifically be looking for people with experience in Java, J2EE and .Net. 2. Project Management 40% of employers plan to hire individuals with project management skills in 2013. It seems obvious that the organizations requiring programming and application development skills will also need individuals to plan, oversee, and execute the new projects and initiatives. Newer technologies lead to increased demand for project managers mainly due to the new projects being more complex. IT executives desire project managers that have a proven track record for success, display leadership, and show great attention to detail. 3. Security Security has been and always will be a major issue for IT leaders. The threat of data and identity theft is very real, and protecting that information is imperative. The increased demand for specialized security individuals can be attributed to more complex systems, larger amounts of data, and organizational policies such as bring-your-own-device (BYOD.) These items will make it more difficult to monitor and keep secure data and information. 27% of IT leaders plan to hire more security professionals in 2013, and the majority of those leaders want the professionals to have expertise in encryption technology, deploying firewalls, threat detection tools, and high levels of business acumen. 4. Help Desk/Technical Support Expected system and program updates for organizations in 2013 will lead to the increased demand for tech support professionals. 35% of IT executives surveyed said they plan to hire help desk or tech support individuals due to the need to monitor and support the new programs and systems created by their organizations. Implementing new systems can lead to questions and confusion when using the systems, and tech support individuals will be necessary to support the increased number of inquiries. Roles of Responsibilities of Employers and Employees Employers and employees work together on a daily basis and have very different roles and duties. These primary roles and duties have remained fairly static over time despite changes in technology that have made business more global and efficient. They define what workers are supposed to do on a daily basis without delving into specific job descriptions and thus establish a foundation for the kind of relationship employers and employees should expect. Employer Responsibilities To provide and maintain * a safe working environment * adequate resources, information, training and supervision * an effective health and safety program * to establish a process for identifying, assessing; and controlling risks To ensure that * relevant laws are complied with * workplace rules, procedures and methods are developed and maintained To prepare and maintain OHS&W policies in consultation with * Health and safety committees * Employees * Elected Health and Safety Representatives * Unions, if requested by an employee * And if the employer chooses, a registered employer association of which the employer is a member, Employees Responsibilities Workers’ responsibilities are: * to not place themselves at risk; * to not knowingly put others in danger; * to follow safe working procedures; * to use machinery and equipment safely; * to not let drugs or alcohol affect their work. * to report any hazards they may notice in their workplace; * to apply any training they have received. Responsibilities Of Employers Towards HSRs And HSCs An employer must:- * Consult any relevant Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committee on the occupational health, safety and welfare practices, procedures and policies that are to be followed; * Consult any relevant Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committee on any proposed changes to any workplaces such as: – the workplace itself, plant, substances used, handled, processed or stored; nature of work to be conducted, procedures for carrying out work; where those changes might effect the health, safety and welfare of employees at the workplace. * At the request of the employee, permit a Health and Safety Representative to be present at any interview concerning occupational health, safety and welfare between the employer and the employee; * Permit any relevant Health and Safety Representative to accompany an inspector during a workplace inspection; * Permit a Health and Safety Representative to have access to such information as the employer possesses or can reasonably obtain:- relating to workplace risks, concerning the health and safety of the employees and, when requested to do so, supply a copy of that information to the Health and Safety Representative; * Immediately notify a Health and Safety Representative of the occurrence of an accident, dangerous occurrence, imminent danger or risk; or hazardous situation; * Notify a Health and Safety Representative of the occurrence of any work-related injury; * Provide such facilities and assistance to Health and Safety Representatives as are necessary to enable them to perform their functions under this Act. This includes time off, without loss of income, to perform duties as Health and Safety Representatives, and to attend approved training courses (minimum of 5 days per year). Mechanisms for fast-paced and stressful work environment All of us live incredibly fast paced lives. We commute to work and for many people the ride to work is getting longer as people move to more distant locations in the suburbs and rural areas. The journey to work is complex. Drivers are faced with traffic accidents and jams that often cause lateness. Many employers are not sympathetic to the reasons for lateness. Instead of sympathy they demand that people leave for work even earlier. Once at work, there are enormous pressures to be productive. The nature of many careers is that productivity includes the need to think creatively. However, it can be difficult to think creatively if someone is exhausted and stressed once they arrive at work. According to an article in the September 2005 edition of Scientific American it is suggested that in order to maintain the ability to be productive as well as creative, it is necessary to take a twenty minute break from work and go on a â€Å"mental vacation.† By â€Å"mental vacation† is meant that you close your eyes and imagine your self in the most relaxing, beautiful and serene place that you can. In other words, this is a kind of self hypnosis or visual meditation that actually reduces the levels of stress hormones excreted into the cardio vascular system resulting in the reduction of stress and exhaustion. The article urges that a nap not be taken because this dulls thinking and does not necessarily reduce stress. However, the â€Å"mental vacation† sharpens the ability to think and reason after the fifteen to twenty minute journey is over. In doing this visualization it is important to imagine all of the sensory experiences that would go along with the actual trip. If you are at the beach on your journey, smell the ocean water and hear the sounds of the surf hitting up against the shore. If twenty minutes in one lump of time is too much then a ten minute break will help, especially if repeated during the day as pressure builds up. Working in a fast-paced environment can induce stress in many employees. According to the Helpguide website, people tend to react to stress in three distinctive ways: Some freeze up under pressure, others become frustrated and angry and the remaining withdraw or become aloof. In order to be productive in a high-paced, driven work environment, you must know your own limitations and reactions. Survival depends on developing the right mental, physical and practical skill set to manage any hectic, stressful situation to the best of your ability. Industry-related lawsRegulations Computer Law is concerned with controlling and securing information stored on and transmitted between computers. Computer networks contain and store a great deal of private digital information: data on identities, internet access and usage; credit cards; financial information and information for electronic commerce; technical, trade and government secrets; mailing lists; medical records; and much more. It is illegal to maliciously erase this type of data; acquire proprietary information; manipulate said data to obtain funds illegally, through bank withdrawals and transfers, identity theft and credit card use; and to access and use any of this data for any other reason, without authorization. Computer crime and criminal information law are relatively young phenomena. A first historical analysis indicates that each new development of computer technology was followed by a corresponding adaptation of crime as well as by legislative changes. A short overview – using the example of Germany – illustrates this adaptation of crime and information law to the new information technologies. It also indicates that this process started gradually at first, but then continued at an increasing pace: – From the beginning of the 1950s computers were introduced in industry and administration to control routine processes. As late as 20 years after that time, the first cases of computer manipulation, computer sabotage and computer espionage became known. Only in 1986 did the German legislator react with the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime. – On the other hand, the mass processing of personal data in electronic data banks since the 1960s was soon regarded as a danger to privacy. In Germany, the first law that took this development into account was enacted in 1970. – The open networks of the 1970s soon led to corresponding misuses in the form of â€Å"hacking†, which the Law Committee of the German Parliament could still consider in the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime in 1986. – The mass phenomenon of program piracy came along simultaneously with the spreading of personal computers in the 1980s, forcing the legislator to carry out different reform measures from 1985 onwards. – The use of automated teller machines in the 1980s, too, was immediately followed by new ways of code card misuses, which already represented criminal offenses due to the reforms of the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime. – Today, electronic post services, mailboxes, ISDN as well as the development of close links between data processing and telecommunication are used by neo-nazi groups, perpetrators in the field of economic crime and organized criminals: Computer technology and telecommunication have not only become part of general life, but also of general crime. The changes that these new technologies caused in criminal procedural law do therefore not only concern traditional computer offenses, but all kinds of crime.

An Examination of the Benefits, Issues and Impact of Implementing the Dissertation

An Examination of the Benefits, Issues and Impact of Implementing the Integrated Electronic Patient Record System in the UK - Dissertation Example This system provides accessibility and flexibility advantages for both medical personnel and patients; it improves information management and communications, and ultimately improves patient care. On the other hand, there are issues concerning privacy and security of patient information, and its development is very costly and an administrative burden. Moreover, there are still concerns over patient safety. The development of an IEPRS in the UK began in 2002, but the project was beset by continual delays due to the enormity and complexity of the task and escalating costs. In the end, it was abandoned in September 2010. The focus of the investigation thus turned to the experiences of its implementation at local NHS Trusts. Recommendations are also discussed to ensure the effectiveness of an IEPRS by addressing the concerns. An analytical research method was then adopted to further examine the implementation of an IEPRS in the UK. Its findings are discussed and conclusions are drawn foll owed by the researcher's own recommendations. Keywords: medical records, medical information, Integrated Electronic Patient Record System, medical information security, medical information management Table of Contents Section1: Introduction 5 Purpose of the study 5 The UK’s Integrated Electronic Patient Record System 5 Issues related to the implementation of an IEPRS 7 Research Objectives 8 Section 2: Research Methodology and Approach 10 Adopted method of research 10 Justification for the adopted method 11 Limitations 13 Section 3: Literature Review 14 Benefits of an IEPRS 14 General benefits 14 Range, access and flexibility 14 Improved information management 15 Improved communications and patient care 16 Barriers and Issues 16 General risks 16 Privacy and security 17 Information suitability, flexibility and accessibility 17 Financial barriers 18 Administrative burden 19 Patient safety 20 Other concerns 21 Summary of challenges 21 Impact of an IEPRS implementation 22 NHS†™ abandonment of the system 22 Continuation of the implementation at local levels 22 EPR systems in practice 24 EPR system guidelines 25 Elements of the security of patient records 29 Recommendations for an effective IEPRS 30 Raising awareness 30 Promoting involvement 30 Accessibility 30 Information management 30 Information security 31 Ensuring patient safety 35 Remaining concerns 37 Section 4: Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations 39 References 44 CARAT Completeness, Accuracy, Relevance, Accessibility, Timeliness DCR Detailed Care Record DoH Department of Health DPA Data Protection Act EDMS Electronic Document Management Software EMR Electronic Medical Record EPRS Electronic Patient Record System ERDIP Electronic Record Development and Implementation Project FOI Freedom of Information HCHC House of Commons Health Committee HCP Health Care Practitioner (or Provider) HIS Health Information System IEPRS Integrated Electronic Patient Record System IMS Information Management Syst em IT Information Technology LOD Limit of Detection LOQ Limit of Quantitation NAST National Association for Science and Technology NCRS NHS Care Records Service NHS National Health Service (UK) NIGB National Information Governance Board NPfIT National Programme for Information Technology NPSA National Patient Safety Agency PAS Patient Administration System PDS Personal Demographics Service RCGP Royal College of General Practitioners SCR Summary Care Record SUS Secondary Uses Service Project proposal An Examination of the Benefits, Issues and Impact of Implementing the Integrated Electronic Patient Record System in the UK Section1: Introdu

Slavery in Post-Civil War America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery in Post-Civil War America - Essay Example Authorities would arrest Blacks for minor crimes, and since most of them were unemployed, they had no money to pay court fees their sentences would be extended. The authorities would then sell the slaves to white firms for a small fee and here they were subject to deplorable conditions. After being sold to the white firms, the manager5s of these firms had the authority to make the black men work as they wished. The black slaves would be given huge amounts of jobs to do and failure to complete the assigned tasks would mean being punished by being beaten up. The poor working conditions, poverty and lack of reimbursement meant that the Blacks would not afford taking care of the health. Diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis were abundant in the population, and they were not given treatment or taken care of in any way. Many African Americans died because of slavery implicated on them by the Whites, and they were buried in crude graveyards that came to be discovered many years later. Most of the Whites saw nothing wrong with slavery, and argued that it was good for the economy and only a few disregarded it. Many Whites saw slavery as important, but did not see it as white racism since it boosted the economy. Blacks on the other hand saw slavery as racism, and most of them expressed fears of why there were many black slaves. However, it is evident that Blacks were oppressed by the Whites and authorities played a big role in advancing racism by passing laws to intimidate Blacks. Mapping Human History Steve Olson describes how genetics have contributed to the understanding of humans in terms of race, ethnicity and nationality. He explains that people can discover their past using biological explanations and uses genes to elaborate how people can be able to trace back their ancestral origins. Human beings share the same ancestors, which are in regards to genes, and this shows that all human beings are related in one way or another. The book Mapping Human History by Olson elaborates that every individual has relatives such as parents, grandparents, great grand parents and many more, and in trying to pin down the common ancestor, it relates that more lived thousands of years ago hence implying a universal ancestry background. Despite the fact that these people may have never met, it is evident that there is a universal origin of the human race. Genetics links the human race to the original ancestors, and this brings out the argument that the human race has similar origins, but has changed over time to produce the various races that are in the world today. The genetic explanation of this is that when the sperm meets with the female egg, their pair up their DNA’s and this way people are able to detect their maternal associations because they will have the similarities in their DNA makeup (Olson 20). The Y-chromosomes can found in males can also be used to explain the common ancestry background because males inherit this from their fathers, and biological analysis proves that the modern DNA is from many individuals living in Africa, but got extinct and only the Adam and Eve lineage survived (Olson 23). Olson explains that all

Conflict and Political Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conflict and Political Order - Essay Example Both of these theories have foundations of democracy. Conflict is found at the centre stage of politics because of the struggle for power between individuals. Up to the modern concept of political order, conflict remains contentious when it comes to politics. These concepts have drawn from the ancient view of politics advanced by individuals such as Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Aquinas among others. Some of their concepts and propositions have been dispelled while others have influenced the philosophy of politics for centuries. Conflict among human beings is as old as history itself. War is found to have begun very long time ago because of the desire to control resources. Conflict has been founded on religious differences, ethnic differences, differing political ideologies, and social motivations. Politics is a broad subject that has influence over all humans directly or indirectly. According to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, political science has massive influence over all other things, he mentions about its authority and the control it has over humans under his theory of natural slavery. His assertions that humans are naturally political present a situation that depicts them as differing in opinions and thoughts. His view was that humans are unique, with each playing a specific role just like the way organs functions in a body. The aggregation of communities together is a natural affair because it achieves self-sufficiency among the individuals. The political nature of persons induces them to engage in conflicts between one another. The conflicts may not be based on any personal view but the political affiliations. According to the arguments presented by Aristotle in the Book V the affiliations that appears between individuals creates factions based on common interes ts. In the first place, the mindset of an individual prompts them to affiliate to a certain group and will tend to have disparity in opinion and behaviour with the other factions. Secondly, factions are developed depending on the benefits that are derived from them, it is also possible that some things are lost in joining the groupings thereby some resentment to the differing groupings is experienced. Finally, political disputes are potential sources of factions where there are ideological differences between groups. The traditional approach of conflict seems to have been avoided since its focus was mainly on functionalism. The approach gives weight to the fact that each individual in an organization or community is designated from a specific role in the community. This is contrary to the modern conflict theory where the opinion shapers are the elite in the society. However, to the modern theorists there is consensus with Aristotle’s point of view that all humans are wired to be political. The modern view presents a situation where social classes arise hence creating a huge disparity and dispelling the functionality notion that humans have a specific role that each is supposed to play. Conflict is very much associated with rise to power. According to Machiavelli use of force is one the strategies that power can be obtained, these results in conflict that results to loss of lives and betrayal. These individuals kill the people they want to lead and the existing leaders in order to find their way to power. A situation that does not involve much conflict happens when power is obtained through the favour of the people. In such a situation the conflict arises between the common people and the nobles, however, the funny thing is that the nobles have much influence over the common people such that they are capable of manipulating them to have one of them

Promotional marketing portfolio that include examples of promotional Coursework

Promotional marketing portfolio that include examples of promotional activity in your chosen sector - Coursework Example While evaluating the promotion activities of the three brands of chocolate under perspective in this study, it is important to consider their quality, price, market coverage and standard features so that their competitive advantages are in alignment. The information reported ion this portfolio was collected by consulting with a wide range of sources such as magazines where the chocolates are promoted, the social media, billboards, analysis of the market and prices in the stores to identify price variation over a period of time. Discounts are used to promote chocolates by diversifying the prices and products so as to enable them reach as many people as possible. This is done by differentiating brands and prices among milk chocolate bar, crispy white chocolate bar, crispy crunch bars, darkly divine plain chocolate, double milk chocolate and divine mini eggs. Divine chocolate promotes its products through Joint partnership with other companies such as Sainsbury and Christian Aid supporters. Many stores stocked their chocolates after partnership as they were able to make nationwide supplies. The UK market is served by their retail stores and outlets such as Christian Aid, Comic Relief and The Body Shop. This opened a wide coverage for divine chocolate as it offered a new and fairer product than what most people were used to. Promotion of Divine chocolate is done through offering free samples for people to taste them before making their choices. Samples are offered in stores, malls and in the supermarkets where people frequent a lot so as to attract a huge traffic of people. Sampling and tasting is very effective is ensuring increased sales. Divine chocolate provide fair chocolate which is environment friendly compared to other chocolates in the market. These appeal to majority of people who are interested in ethically products and green

SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT analysis - Essay Example On the other hand, the findings of SWOT analysis lay the basis for developing tourism development and improvement programs that may come from the government. Therefore, this essay seeks to present a SWOT analysis of Malaysia as a destination and present the findings to the relevant authorities to find the best way of developing the country’s thriving and lucrative industry. Malaysia boasts of many tourist attractions ranging from the modern cities to the rich biodiversity (Chong, 2014). Tourists can enjoy themselves in a clean and large modern cities. On the other hand, the country offers opportunities for hiking where tourists can enjoy natural trails in the tropical jungles rich with plants, insect life, and animals. Tourists can also sunbathe on countrys unique sand beaches or can as well scuba dive in Malaysias rich coral reefs (Wong, Velasamy, & Arshad, 2011). The implication is that Malaysia, apart from the big and clean cities, is also rich in biodiversity but the effects that conventional tourism activities leave on the environment requires a deeper understanding of how to integrate tourism planning with biodiversity conservation. Moreover, the country provides mountain climbing experiences where tourists can tower the Malaysian mountains rich with strawberries and enjoy the view of tea plantations (Chong, 2014). Most of the Malaysian mountains lay within the central parts of the country, and the agglomeration of the modern cities provide unique experiences for visitors. Therefore, this essay seeks to carry out a SWOT analysis of Malaysias tourism industry. The government of Malaysia has put more effort to developing tourism in the country because it does not want the country to depend entirely on exports for economic growth. Thus, the government has initiated many projects with the aim of improving tourism sector to become a significant foreign exchange earner.

Schonk Klinik Eating Disorder Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Schonk Klinik Eating Disorder Discussion - Essay Example Anorexic individuals usually starve themselves and appear thin. Anorexics also experience an intense fear of gaining weight and may choose to restrict calories further to avoid weight gain (Harris & Lenox, 2013). Consequently, anorexics are often hungry and have a preoccupation with food. In addition to the need to lose weight, anorexic persons also have a disturbed view of body image and continue to view themselves as overweight. Several other characteristics exist for describing the physical and mental behaviors associated with anorexia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is another category of eating disorder but is a complete opposite of anorexia. Periods of compulsive eating that follows forced vomiting, or the use of laxatives is characteristics that describe Bulimia nervosa. Bulimia nervosa is a more common problem among teenagers and young adults (Striegel-Moore, 2011). Binge eating is common among dieters. However, it becomes abnormal if it occurs more than two times a week over a period of three months. Similar to anorexics, bulimics have a concern with their weight. However, they are more in the normal weight ranges than individuals that experience anorexia (Ginter, Duncan & Swayne 2013). One of the characteristics describing bulimics is feeding on a large amount of food after a period of two hours. Bulimics experience a feeling of losing control or unable to stop eating or monitor the amount of food that they

Colonialism. Ottoman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Colonialism. Ottoman Empire - Essay Example mpire, the ideas is to trace the history of the Ottoman empire and link it with colonialism, thus trying to understand the impact of colonialism through the example of the Ottoman empire. Colonialism is defined as the process of acquiring a foreign territory. The art of acquiring a foreign territory along with maintaining the territory without treating the people as equals has been the pattern of colonization throughout history. It has led to many bloody battles, while the Europeans have been at the centerfold of colonizing the entire world, from the Americas to Africa, Asia and the new worlds. It has been the practice of domination and was mastered by the European for ages. It involves political and economic control over a country, while the people are treated as second-class citizens. The European masters would extract the last bit of money from the controlled territories and it involved utter domination over the natural citizens of the country. The Ottoman Empire has been recorded in the history as one of the most significant and dominating empires of all time. The timeline of the empire ranges from 1301-1922. The empire was at its peak in the medieval ages and continued to thrive for six centuries. The empire has been a long lasting legacy of the Mediterranean countries. Islam and the Islamic philosophy heavily influenced it. The Ottoman Empire started during the 13th century AD. The ruler Osman 1 was the man who initiated the conquest of the Ottoman Empire. The name ‘Ottoman† comes from Osman, who was the founder of the empire. The Ottoman Empire at its heights was considered as one of the most powerful empires of all times. There are three significant periods in the timeline of the Ottoman Empire. The first is the ascendancy and rise of the empire, which took place between 1299-1453. The second and the most significant period of the empire then come between 1453-1683. This is the time when the empire was growing rapidly and made huge strides. This

The Causes and Effects of Violence - Essay Essay Example for Free

The Causes and Effects of Violence Essay Essay Did you know that almost 6 million Jews were estimated killed in the Holocaust? The Holocaust was when men, children, and women alike were massacred just because of their religion, which was Judaism. This is not the first human tragedy that the world has endured this century. Another violent tragedy was when African American’s were being mistreated and persecuted in the United States. This was during the Jim Crow South when black people could not eat at the same restaurant as whites. Protesting led to extreme violence and many people were killed. Another tragedy was gang violence in America. This violence was caused by race and ethnic differences. In The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett and I Promised I Would Tell by Sonia Weitz, the reader sees how hatred and ignorance can lead to violence can and substantial deaths among people. The reason the Holocaust happened was because of anti-Semitism, which is the hatred of the Jewish people. Anti-Semitism is an example of a way that caused violence between two different groups of people. A quote from I Promised I Would Tell explains how Jewish people felt during World War II and explains the violence occurring. â€Å"The world was anything but safe for a Jew† (Weitz 1). This is when Sonia is describing how the world was to be a Jew when she was eleven years old. Sonia is being very grown up for her age and being realistic when she explains how she felt during this period of Jones, 2 the war. This was when the Germans were beginning to invade Poland. The hatred of someone’s religion is only one way that violence can massacre many people. Another way to start violence is to judge someone based on their race. In the Freedom Writers and in real life a person could be shot for waving the wrong gang banner or saying something bad about someone else’s race or gang. A good quote that describes this is from the Freedom Writers, â€Å"My brother taught me what the life is for a young black man. Pimp, deal, or do whatever. Learn what colors to wear. Gang banners. You can sell to one corner, but you cant sell another. Learn to be quiet. The wrong word can get you popped† (The violence in the Freedom Writers). This is where Andre, a character in the Freedom Writers, explains how if you join the wrong gang you could be shot, beat up, and ultimately killed. He is also explaining that if you act cocky you could get killed too. Andre is being very serious in explaining this to the teacher because every word of it is true. It is true because gangs were based on your race. So if a black person tried to join a Puerto Rican gang they could be killed. Gang rivalries and someone’s type of race are types of examples that can cause violence. Another example of a way that violence can occur is to judge someone by their particular stereotypes. A stereotype is defined as a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image about specific social groups, or types of individuals. A quote that can show a stereotype is shown here, Women should be respected as well! Generally speaking, men are held in great esteem in all parts of the world, so why shouldnt women have their share? † (Goodrich and Hackett 463). This is Jones, 3 when Anne Frank is saying that men get all the respect and women get close to none. The stereotype in this quote is that men are the stronger gender, which is not always true. Another stereotype is that blonde haired people are dumb. Both of these stereotypes can lead to anger which results in violence. Anne is being both truthful and honest in this quote because this is how the world was and still is, to some degree, today. This is another example of how something misinterpreted can cause violence which kills many people. The holocaust, gang rivalries, and stereotyping all have an end result of violence. Stereotypes occur because of the false statements of someone’s race, religion or gender. For example, blonde haired people have a stereotype of being dumb. The Holocaust and other human tragedies occurred because of hatred and intolerance of people. Gang violence and racism have occurred due to the judgment of a person’s race. All in all, these examples cause hatred which leads to violence and tragedy. Next time you think of judging someone based on their religious status, their personal stereotypes, or their race think about all the people who have been killed due to the violence started because of these false judgments. Works Cited Freedom Writers. Screenplay by Richard LaGravanese. Dir. Richard LaGravanese. Perf. Hilary Swank, Imelda Staunton, Patrick Dempsey, April L. Hernandez, and Mario. Paramount Pictures, 2007. Goodrich, Frances, and Albert Hackett. The Diary of Anne Frank. The Language Of Literature. Eds. Arthur N. Applebee and Andrea B. Bermudez, et. al. Illinois: McDougal Littell, 2006. 448-512. Weitz, Sonia. I Promised I Would Tell. Brookline: Facing History and Ourselves, 2004.

Risks associated with acts of God Essay Example for Free

Risks associated with acts of God Essay There are various approaches that can be used in assigning probabilities of acts of God. This includes drawing of risk impact/probability chart which helps the risk manager to decide which type of risks requires more attention. Scientific approach can also be used in assigning probabilities of acts of God. Scientific approach is an appropriate approach in managing risks and making decisions under conditions of uncertainty such as acts of God. Risk managers can also use lay people response to occurrence and probability of risks as a result of acts of God (Attar, 2010). As a risk manager, I prefer using risk impact/probability chart because it demonstrates both the probabilities of the risk occurring which ranges from anywhere just above 0% and below 100%. The probability of risks associated with acts of God is also expressed. Additionally, the impact as a result of the risk is shown. The approach that cannot be used in assigning probabilities to acts of God is use of lay people response; this is because it is biased, unscientific and ill-informed approach. Part 2 . The source of valid data for estimating chances of a single act of God is history records that are already kept showing the frequency in which the events occurred in the past. From these records, the risk manager is able to estimate the chances of an act of God occurring in the present. According to the concept of conditional probability, it argues that the probability of an event or outcome occurring is mainly based on the occurrence of a previous event or outcome. In risk management, conditional probabilities are mainly contingent on a previous result. In the exposure of due intelligence, I will apply the concept of conditional probability by multiplying the probability of the preceding event by the updated probability of the succeeding event. References Attar, H. (2010). The Scientific Approaches to Risk and Risk Management: A Critical Review. Retrieved August 16 from http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=tasr.2011.386.393org=10

Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact

Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matter concerning everybody.   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development. Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by s tate parties to prevent and control marine pollution.   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8 CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision ‘To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as ‘The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.   These roles and functions are the bread and b utter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old and obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.   The environment has to sustain not only the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issues   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as ‘global warming.   Pursuant to this rise i n temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. ‘Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, ‘Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with p Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact Malaysia Maritime Environmental Issues and Its Impact CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Seas and oceans traditionally used by us to have all the source of rich, opportunity and abundance. The vast area of it has given us the aspiration either to use or to abuse it.   Most of the countries in this world are connected with sea and ocean, which make the line of communication and transportation easily done through it.   Many years ago while air transportation is impossible, transportation through land could take a month to reach. Sea and ocean line was used heavily either for trade, communication or expanding the power beyond the borders.   The increasing awareness by us has changed the point of view that the feel of appreciation which not only in a sense of importance for economy and social, but also in a sense of security.   Maritime security and safety issues are major and hot topics nowadays.   It is spoken all over the world, especially in this modern and globalise era where crime has no longer a matter of a single country but a matter concerning everybody.   It is borderless and at any time can happen anywhere.   Because of the large maritime area, this crime is very difficult to contain particularly in the area where the enforcement is less due to lack of security assets.   This situation worries the country, especially those are depending directly to the sea as a source of development. Maritime threats have existed ever since commerce went to sea.   Now, its just in what capacity and in what dimension.   Threat to maritime in aspect of maritime security and safety can be from any kind such as piracy, sea robbery, human trafficking, smuggling and others, which cover up to sea pollution.   Malaysias total sea area of 614,159 square kilometres is almost twice its landmass and the size of itsExclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) alone is 453,186 square kilometres.   An estimated 70 percent of the population lives along 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity.]With these unique backgrounds, it has offered tremendous economic value and prospects to Malaysia.   Major economic activities are offshore petroleum, marine transport, marine tourism, fisheries and aquaculture. As a maritime nation, Malaysia is a party to a number of international conventions dealing with marine pollution, which laid down important rules to be followed by s tate parties to prevent and control marine pollution.   Some reports have concluded that the quality of marine environment and life in our country is showing signs of decline.According to Oxford Dictionary (7th edition) environmental issues can best define with something connected to natural conditions that affect behaviour and development of something.   To be more precise, environmental issues are negative aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment.   Few examples of maritime environmental issues are conservation, environmental degradation, environmental health, nanotechnology, nuclear issues, water pollution, air pollution and resource depletion.   To explain further, the definitions of environmental issues in law perspective as follows: Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical, or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting, or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or wastes so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants or to cause a contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction. Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) is one of the maritime agencies in Malaysia which one of the roles and functions is to safeguard our national interest.   Hence, theroles and functions are the bread and butter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons.   In connection to maritime environmental issues, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia.   At the forefront of these values are respect for the environment and a growing need to ensure that naval operations are undertaken by sustainable methods and that the environment is preserved for future generations. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT With the current capabilities and ageing of warships, RMN has a bigger issues to adhere to the rules and regulations with regards to environmental friendly and thus will affect the conduct of RMN Operations.Indeed there are inventions of new environmental friendly technologies and of course will increase operational efficiency, but due to the limited budget on national defence sector, RMN is to wisely maintain its own asset and at the same time parallel to environmental issue requirements. 1.3 OBJECTIVE S The objectives of this study as follows: To examine the relationship between Naval Operations and maritime environmental issues. To determine what is the negative factor contributes by RMN warships in relations to maritime environmental issues. To determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations isconstrainedby the current environmental policy and legislation. To suggest solutions towards the environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY RMN warships are not much different with any commercial vessel and thus should comply withenvironmental regulations such as the Environment Quality Act 1974.   Due to the integrity, RMN should set a very good example in complying not only to the act, but to adhere to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and a number of international maritime environmental conventions in order to portray a good image to the public.   RMN warships should be able to operate without restriction in ports or open seas.   Due to some intensive measures on environmental issues, there aresome restrictions and constraint on naval activity with regards to ships design and conduct of operations.   Hence, the study should be able to determine the best solution for win-win situation. 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature of the research mainly based on environmental thesis papers,which havebeen done by scholars as a reference.   Generally, the literature addresses Malaysias environmental qualities, environmental justice and common public attitudes towards the environment.   It is further discussed about policies, practices and Malaysias commitment to international agreements which to be scrutinized.   The literature as well as provides information with regards to consequences of the fast track style of development on our natural resources, health, quality of life and ecosystems. 1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The preparation of this research paper is based on the secondary data,mainly from books and other published articles.   Most of the material from military references are classified Restricted.   Therefore, limits the research on the subject matter. Time constrained is the biggest setback and hindered a more commendable study of the existing issues. 1.7 METHOD AND SOURCES The primary method will be through literature research.   Therefore, the sources will be published books and journal articles spanning the subject areas of Malaysia Environment Issues and RMN Operations.   Newspaper articles, speeches by relevant personalities and interviews will also be sought after.   Information will also be extracted from official governmental or organisation websites. 1.8 CHAPTER OUTLINE The paper will be organised into five chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction . This chapter is the introduction of the subject and layout of the paper. Chapter 2 : Maritime Operations .   This chapter will elaborate the concept and conduct of Naval Operations focusing on the RMN. Chapter 3 : Existing Maritime Environmental Issues and Degree of RMN Compliance .   This chapter examines a series of environmental issues, related to shipping design and operation.Its further discuss the degree of compliance for each issue, against existing environmental legislation and regulations. Chapter 4 : Impacts to RMN .   This chapter will discuss the impact on RMN current operations and to determine whether the capability of RMN in conducting operations is constrained by the current environmental policy and legislation. Chapter 5 : Conclusion .   This chapter includes a discussion on the possible outcomes and to suggest solutions towards an environment compliant warship without jeopardizing required operations. CHAPTER 2 MARITIME OPERATIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION During the course of recorded history, mankind has perpetually looked towards the sea as a provider of nourishment, as a channel for trade and for the migration of people, culture or idea. The last three millennia has witnessed the development of maritime craft from simple design to the fully computerised ships of the modern day era.   In relation to safe guard maritime national security, warship has been designed and developed as a symbol of supremacy and struggle for control of the seas and trade influence in faraway lands.   Warships have been instruments of both good and evil and have influenced the evolution of mankind.   As a maritime nation, Malaysia is not excluded in enhancing and developing its naval capabilities.   Located at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the sea are seen as an increasingly important factor in the economic and security aspect of this country. The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) started from humble beginnings with a rudimentary naval force of coal burning launches and small coastal patrol boats during the colonial time.   Today, the RMN fleet comprises an assortment of modern warships, submarines and naval helicopters armed with state of the art command, control, communication, computers and information (C4I) armed with long-range guided missiles and protected by the most modern electronic warfare systems.   This has completed the metamorphosis of RMN from the coastal Brown Water Navy into a Blue Water Navy, a modern armada. In order to parallel with its vision ‘To be a World Class Navy (Always Excellent), RMN have to be a committed organisation, competent, forward looking, strive for quality and always seek for continuous improvement in managing its own source and technology.   Presently, the roles of the RMN are two-fold; during wartime, the RMN is to ensure the maritime sovereignty of Malaysia while during peacetime, its role is to protect the nations maritime interest that included Malaysias offshore resources, especially oil and gas, shipping and fishing. Since environmental issues are a major challenge and concern throughout the world, the RMN has to develop its operations toward supporting the environmental friendly. 2.2 NAVAL OPERATIONS Naval operations will be the largest contributor toward the maritime environmental issues if it is not being tackled well.   To narrow down the scope of this research, the focus and discussions will be towards the RMN operations.   Every naval exercise always associated with the universal role known as ‘The Trinity of Naval Functions (Figure 2.1) namely military, constabulary and diplomacy.   The first role is the military which is to enforce of state sovereignty and defend the national jurisdictions in the sea by way of control and deterrence at sea.   Secondly is constabulary roles, the navy carried this to enforce the security and law to protect marine resources and the national marine wealth, to maintain order at sea and to support the national development.   The third role is diplomacy. Naval forces are the visible mobile and potent symbols of the nation state and such are the useful instruments of foreign policy.   These roles and functions are the bread and b utter to the RMN, and of course it is not limiting the usage, freedom of manoeuvres in Malaysian waters for whatever reasons. 2.3 MARITIME WARFARE AREAS Malaysia as a maritime nation is the facts that cant be argued about.   The sea area is larger than the land mass and a unique feature of being a country split by an ocean supporting the facts.   Malaysia is divided by the South China Sea into two main land masses namely the Peninsular Malaysia on the western side and Sabah and Sarawak on the eastern side.   These two land masses are being separated by more than 1000 kilometres of navigable waters.   Malaysia and the nations of the region are reliant on the sea for transportation; they draw greatly on the maritime environment for living and mineral resources.   Maritime forces have significant access and control in our region.Thus, Malaysia requires maritime forces able of curb the challenges of our strategic geographical conditions. The RMN is essentially responsible for protecting Malaysias maritime interest.   To meet these tasks, the RMN is provided with various assets ranging from old and obsolete patrol craft to the most modern and highly sophisticated state of the art frigates and corvettes capable of carrying out all the four dimensions of naval warfare, namely surface, sub-surface, air and electronic warfare. 2.3.1 Anti Surface Warfare ( ASu W ) The main dimension of Naval Operations is ASuW defined as follows: The actions necessary to detect, identify and counter an adversarys surface capability.   ASuW operations, which may include sea control and sea denial operations, disruption of Sea Lane of Communications (SLOCs), defence offriendly forces from surface attack, or a combination of all, seek toensure that the necessaryaction are conducted in a timely fashion, denying any adversary the ability to employ forces in an effective manner. Thus, freedom of manoeuvre and able to sustain long period of operations is the major requirements for the RMN warships. 2.3.2 Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) In order to counter subsurface threat, RMN warships must be able to detect the enemy using any available sensors.   Therefore to locate a submarine requires a very hectic and thorough procedure which this will requires warships to stay longer at operational area.   The elements of ASW as follows: ASW comprises operations with the intention of denying the opponent the effective use of submarines.   The ASW protection of a force depends on defence in depth and close coordination between ships, helicopters, Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA), shore-based facilities and friendly submarines.   The complexity of such coordination and the special environmental factor involved makes the submarine threat one of the most difficult problems to counter. 2.3.3 Anti Air Warfare (AAW) Warships are vulnerable once detected at the open sea, therefore it exposed to be attacked, AAW in the maritime situation required fast reactionof its sensors and personnel, in order to counter the threat.   The purpose of AAW is defined as: Is the term used for the defence of friendly forces against the threat of aircraft and airborne weapon, whether launched from air, surface, or submarine platforms.   AAW is the maritime term for defensive counter air operations and is part of the joint air defence system.   AAW is based on the principle of defence in depth and layered defence, defeating air attacks at the maximum possible distance from maritime forces 2.3.4 Electronic Warfare (EW) In EW, an electromagnetic and acoustic spectrum is being exploited as to integrate to the various warfare areas, such as AAW, ASUW and ASW.   Warships and aircraft are equipped with a variety of systems that utiliseor exploit the electromagnetic and acoustic spectrums in order to give early information on enemy position [24] and activities. 2.4 RMN IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Being a small navy, the RMN needs to evolve to remain relevant.   It has to create a credible force encompassing an integrated system of ships, aircraft, submarines and well trained personnel, but resource are increasingly scarce.   To stay ahead, the RMN has to do more with less.   In other words, one of the RMN challenges is to stay ahead by achieving improvement through the application of creative and innovative solutions and making all round improvements continuously.   The other challenges are the need to adopt technological advancement, continuous upgrading of the existing fleet to ensure the highest state of readiness and effectiveness and achieving synergy in the future warfare scenario.   The procurement of new technologies and upgrading of its asset must parallel with the environmental friendly requirements. In 1994, the EarthCheck Global Standard was established by the travel and tourism industry to provide a mechanism for the promotion of environmentally sustainable tourism.   It is also demonstrating a commitment towards environmental and social responsibilities, better environmental risk management procedures and asset protection.   With the current awareness towards meeting the growing environmental requirement for compliance, RMN has started with KD LEKIU and KD SRI INDERASAKTI as a pioneer.   The bold action by the RMN is influences by following factors: The RMN ships will acknowledge as no different than other commercial vessels and thus its will bind to the same rules and regulations. Environmental issues are currently complex and need special attention and requiring effective and flexible long-range planning. It is difficult to forecast the environmental requirement due to ageing if warships in order to develop appropriate responses. The international community is increasingly applying a coordinated global approach to foster marine environmental issues.   Thus, the RMN should portray a good image in addressing the problem a pro-active way. Strict rules and regulations in controlling the marine pollution are now being implemented in coastal areas and also being expanded on the high seas. The RMN approaches toward environmental friendly warships is unable to meet the complex challenges of environmental compliance.   More strategic and forward-looking plan for future ships is to be implemented. The RMN approach toward environmental friendly warships is eventually costly and may sometimes endanger the health of service personnel as well as operational effectiveness. A better environmental compliant warship design is much more significant due to the good return of investment in operational and cost benefits.   It will not have to rely on shore support for waste management. Apart from these commitments, warships basically having the privileges of sovereign immunity and special exemption as discuss below. Complete exemption of warships and other ships owned or operated by a State and used only on government non-commercial service from the application of the convention so far as both main rules and enforcement provision are concerned. Having said that, the RMN has a strong sense of commitment in upholding the community values of Malaysia, thus naval operations are properly planned as to suite the environmental stewardship in order to preserve it for future generations and therefore,will give the RMN a fine record.   It appears that there were operational benefits from sound environmental practices and the RMN is slowly to adopt this concept.   2.5 CONCLUSION In conclusions Maritime Operations is a challenging business.   Having a vast area of operations with a multi faceted of the threat, the RMN continuously been challenged by the new development such as the rise of non-traditional maritime security issues and the complexity of maritime environmental issues.   Maritime operations, parallel with environmental issues will provide a better solution in managing the maritime security issues.   In another case, it will give some operational benefit to the RMN since every item onboard has been well maintained and the operational requirementsare easily tackled. Apart from having the special privileges and immunity of warships, the RMN should not take this advantage to take part as one of the environmental non-compliance conducts.   As to progress toward environmental stewardship, the RMN therefore should act like no different than international ocean shipping, which binds to the rules and regulations as to uphold the community values of Malaysia. CHAPTER 3 EXISTING MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DEGREE OF RMN COMPLIANCE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The RMN warship is no different than other international oceans shipping all over the world; more or less it would contribute to the effect of the environmental issues.   Most studies have found that the international ocean shipping industry accounts for roughly three percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.   This means that if the ocean shipping industry were a country, it would rank seventh in the world in emissions.   Its shows that more or less ocean shipping industry contributed to environmental problems, hence warships are not excluded.   Even though warship has been thoroughly design, but it still contributes to some extend the environmental effect while doing their operational task.   As we go through our daily life, which is increasingly becoming fast paced and hectic, only a few of us take a time out to look around and notice the devastating effects of modem civilization on the environment.   The environment has to sustain not only the basic human needs for survival but also the conversion of raw materials into goods and services. Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of the environment while pursuing economic growth and human development. Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and accountability by all decision makers in the public and private sectors, resource users, non-governmental organisations and the general public, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities. Based on above principles in Malaysia National Policy on the Environment, the RMN is yet to adopt this principle officially because the negative aspect to the environment is very minute, but in a long term period the effect will slowly affect the environment, and this will de discuss further in following paragraph.   Therefore, planning and implementing activities from designing of warships to the way executioner part of the operations are to be monitored and suit to the highest commitment of environmental protection. Malaysia has a sound and viable National Environmental Policy and adequate legal regime to cope with challenges of the present day marine pollution issues   The protection of the marine environment and degree of the RMN compliance were based on Environmental Quality Act 1974, Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Oil Pollution Act 1994, Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 and Fisheries Act 1985. 3.2 RELATED MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Threats to the environment are an increasing concern for states, societies and the international community. In relations to naval operations, below are the related maritime environmental issue which more or less hascontributed to the emerging problems. 3.2.1 Water Pollution Water pollution may be less conspicuous than the solid waste pollution, but it is probably even more dangerous.   This is partly because a wider range of harmful chemicals falls in this category and partly because it is more mobile as compared to the solid waste materials.   With regard to marine environmental issues, liquid pollutants are generated from ships and offshore installations.   Liquids are simply dumped into the oceans without any treatment.   One of the most common liquid wastes is sewage.   In many cases sewage is discharged to the sea without any treatment, which will create disease producing bacteria thus the plant and animal life in it cannot survive and the water becomes anoxic or lifeless. 3.2.2 Air Pollution and Degradation of the Atmosphere Air pollution is one of the toxic forms that affect the environment.   Air, by far, is the most important aspect to human life.Air pollution and air quality has become a huge topic in the world today.   The air quality is different depending on your location where about.   For examples, Los Angeles is very smoggy and has poor quality versus the forests of Brazil that have very clean air, meanwhile Kuala Lumpur is experiencing seasonal haze from month of July to October every year.   Polluting the air with any kind of foreignmaterial such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, chlorine, chloroform, chlorinedioxide and making environment dangerous to live for living species is called air pollution. Air pollution is actually the accumulation of any unsafe substances to the atmosphere, which causes the destructive of the environment, human health and the quality of life.   The increasing of shipping industries has increased in air pollution and even though ships are operating far from land, more or less it has contributed to the increase in the death rates resulting from various diseases caused by air pollution varying from breathing problem to lung cancer. Air pollution does not only affect people, but it also damages the whole ecological system in which plants and animals are harmed as well. Air pollution has reached such a critical stage where it affects the earths atmosphere as it lets in more harmful radiation from the sun. Consequently, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator, thus, preventing heat from escaping back into space. That is why there is a global rise in temperature, which scientists refer to as ‘global warming.   Pursuant to this rise i n temperature the world food supply and sea level will be affected, also there is the probability of the increase in the tropical disease. Air pollution also has a dramatic effect on natural resources.   Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and rivers perform many important services for Earths environment.   They enhance water and air quality, provide habitat for plants and animals, and provide food and medicines. Any or all of these ecosystem functions may be impaired or destroyed by air pollution.   Moreover, because of the complex relationships among the many types of organisms and ecosystems, environmental contamination may have far-reaching consequences that are not immediately obvious or that are difficult to predict. 3.2.3 Global Warming The excessive production of Carbon dioxide to the environment is one of the factors that have affected the ozone layer.Thus it willprevent some amount of solar energy from being radiated back to space. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect which leads to global warming.Among the industrialized countries, USA, Russia, Japan and France are the largest contributors to this menace.USA alone accounts for 42% of the total carbon dioxide emission all over the wor1d.Most countries in this region like Malaysia and Indonesia are rapidly approaching the emission levels recorded.As of now a rise of average atmospheric temperature has been reported over the past 75 years and is likely to continue into the next century. Global warming has resulted in shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets; a rise of 6 to 37inches in the mean sea level is predicted by the year 2100.Low lying countries within this region such as Bangladesh and Indonesia risk getting submerged by the rising sea levels. Glob al warming will aggravate the water crisis in summer months. It would also lead to expansion of geographical range of tropical pests and will increase the chances of forest fires. 3.2.4 Ozone Depletions The stratospheric ozone layer existing between altitudes of 12 to 35 kilometres is considered as a protective shield or an umbrella for the earth because it prevents the ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the earth.In the absence of this layer, no life would be possible because the sun rays would raise the temperature of the lower atmosphere making the earth a blast furnace. The importance of the ozone layer came to light in 1985 when a hole was detected over Antarctica.Chloro Flouro Carbons or CFCs are the group of the gases, which are largely responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer. These synthetic chemicals are widely used as propellants in spray cans, air conditions and refrigerators. Thus CFCs in addition to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are termed as greenhouse gases as they all contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to this, Ozone layer depletion has caused a definite rise in the cases of skin cancer it is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that 12% decrease in the ozone layer would cause skin cancer in up to half a million people per annum. 3.2.5 Acid Rain Acid rain is the serious pollution hazard. It causes irreparable damage to agricultural crops, forests, aquatic life and even the human body. It corrodes buildings, pollutes the drinking water and degrades soil. Major sources of sulphur dioxide emission are thermal power plants, crude oil refineries and automobiles, which together account for 50% of the sulphur dioxide pollution.Rainwater of pH less than 5.6 is considered acidic. Emissions of waste gases from industries, vehicle exhausts and power generation are causes of rainwater acidity.When the pH levels of lakes and rivers fall below about 5.5, many species of fish will die, and this in turn is followed by changes in the ecosystem.Acid rain is corrosive to metals such as iron and zinc roof, marble and limestone.Low pH values have been attributed by an increased in industrial activity and large numbers of motor vehicles emitting considerable amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere.Acid rain is detrimental to life and life-support systems. Acidity is measured by hydrogen ion concentration, designated as pH, and is measured on a scale of 1 to 14. A pH value below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.Rain acidity in Peninsular Malaysia is on the rise and the number of areas affected by acid rain is growing. Studies by the Meteorological Service Department exposed that, to date the acid rain is becomingworrying environmental problem. 3.3 BINDING LAWS Most of the international environmental law is based on agreement or treaty.With regard to the protection of the marine environment, Malaysia adheres to a number of international conventions. The treaties are as follows: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982. Maritime Pollutions Convention (MARPOL), 73/78. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC), 1990. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992. International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. Treaties are made to be performed. ‘Pacta sunt servanda or the rule that treaties arebinding on the parties and must be performed in good faith is the fundamental principle of customary international law. This principle has been reaffirmed in Article 26 of theVienna Convention on the law of Treaties 1969, ‘Every treaty in force is binding uponthe parties to it and must be performed in good faith. Therefore, Malaysia is obliged to the binding laws and thus not excluding the RMN in this context. This paper will only discuss one domestic rule and twointernational treaties as to examine and relate the degree of the RMN compliance in environmental issues. 3.3.1 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Act 1984 The Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 is an important Malaysian statute devised to implement certain aspects of the UNCLOS 1982.Part IV of the EEZ Act deals with p