Pros and Cons of Installing Closed-Circuit Television...

Installation of surveillance camera systems as a way to deter crimes or criminal acts has gained traction in recent years. In some countries, surveillance camera systems – also known as closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras – have also installed in educational institutions as a security measure to address fears for the safety of the students (Hope, 2004; Corpuz, 2011). The trend, however, did not stop. From halls and corridors, some education institutions have started to install cameras inside the classrooms as a means not just to monitor the teachers, but also to address classroom misbehavior (Shepherd, 2009). This paper seeks to cover the possible positive and negative effects of installing CCTV systems inside the classrooms.†¦show more content†¦Grant (2004) said educators want video cameras in classrooms to address the issue of violence in schools. â€Å"Often teachers who are attacked have no way of proving their claims because pupils who witness the i ncidents fail to back up their stories. Video camera footage could be used to substantiate teachers versions of events as well as to deter pupils from launching the attacks (Grant, 2004).† In the Philippines, the installation of cameras inside the classrooms is seen in a similar light. As cited in Grafil (2011), University of Santo Tomas security chief Joseph Badinas said the cameras can be used to â€Å"track people who are doing something suspicious.† The reason behind the installation of CCTV systems in the classrooms can be attributed to the triadic reciprocality principle of the social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986). Under this principle, human life is consisted of a perpetual series of interactions among the environment, their individual behavior, and personal cognitive variables like thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions. These three constructs interact and influences each other reciprocally. Applying theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) O rganizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesVoice 526 xviii CONTENTS S A L Self-Assessment Library How Spiritual Am I? 531 Point/Counterpoint Organizations Should Strive to Create a Positive Organizational Culture 534 Questions for Review 535 Experiential Exercise Rate Your Classroom Culture 535 Ethical Dilemma A Bankrupt Culture 536 Case Incident 1 Mergers Don’t Always Lead to Culture Clashes 536 Case Incident 2 Did Toyota’s Culture Cause Its Problems? 537 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 Selection Practices

ALL Essay - 1552 Words

Signs and Symptoms The signs and symptoms of ALL can present chronically or acutely, they are normally found during a routine blood count of an asymptomatic child or during a life-threatening hemorrhage, infection, or episode of respiratory distress. Although ALL is a disease primarily of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, any organ or tissue may be infiltrated by the abnormal cells. The symptoms in children can have a much longer duration due to ALL has varies amounts of onset which may last from days to months. The first symptoms are usually non- specific and include anorexia, irritability and lethargy. Fever is the most common finding, occurring in approximately 60% of patients. Progressive bone marrow failure leads to pallor†¦show more content†¦Patients with ALL generally have a higher than normal white blood count and lower than normal red blood cell and platelet counts. Blood tests are also performed to evaluate liver, kidney, and blood clotting status. The physician will also check the levels of certain minerals and proteins for an accurate diagnosis. The next step will be to perform a bone marrow biopsy, pending the blood test results. If the results are abnormal or the doctor suspects leukemia despite normal cell counts, a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are the next steps. These are very common and safe procedures. Then, if bone marrow examination confirms ALL, a spinal tap will be the next step, which means a needle will be inserted into the spinal canal and cerebrospi nal fluid with leukemia cells will be collected and will be analyzed for signs that the disease has spread to the central nervous system. In most cases of childhood ALL, leukemia cells are not found in the cerebrospinal fluid. Disease Progression There are two main types of ALL acute and chronic. Acute leukemia develops very quickly, while chronic leukemia tends to develop slowly, usually over a period of months or years without causing many symptoms. In ALL it mainly affects the lymphoid cells, as to in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) state, it affects the lymphoid cells. For ALL, staging does not occur in the same way normal cancer cells do because the disease originatesShow MoreRelatedEssay on All That Jazz1115 Words   |  5 Pages(formula) for the successful organization and development of an argumentative essay as well as the framework for a formal outline that you can and should use for each of your essays. Print out the final pages and fill in the info by hand so that you can see how your body paragraphs are organized. Note though, that your essay might have more than four body paragraphs. Please recall that formal outlines must accompany each essay you write, but note that the basic formula TEMPLATE provided does not haveRead More All My Sons Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesLife is full of many hard decisions that people have to take, often on the spur of the moment. Some we get right others turn horribly wrong. Joe Keller, the tragic hero of Arthur Millers play All My Sons, was no different. His whole life was dedicated to his family and their well being but all his plans were undone by one fatally flawed decision. The audience can relate to Joe and feel sympathy for him because he was a good man who did many great things for his family and in the end paid theRead MoreLove Conquers All Essay490 Words   |  2 PagesLove Conquers All When love is strong between two people it can outweigh the problems of a marriage, if the couple can work together in solving the problems. In the story The Gilded Six-Bits written by Zora Neale Hurston, you meet a couple very much in love, Joe and Missie May Banks. In the story Shiloh written by Bobbie Ann Mason, meet a couple who is not so sure of what they want, Leroy and Norma Jean Moffitt. In these marriages there are a few similarities and a fewRead MoreAll My Sons Critical Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesAll my Sons - Critical Essay All my sons written by Arthur Miller is a dramatic play which shows actions and consequences and morality and studies the theme of idealism verses realism, social responsibility and the American dream. This play takes place after World War II, in the year 1947. The play shows conflict between a Father and a son and how quickly a family can fall apart following a serious revelation. Arthur Miller uses techniques such as characterization, stage directions and a delayedRead MoreEssay on Conflict in All My Sons1102 Words   |  5 PagesConflict in All My Sons The conflict in the play â€Å"All My Sons† in embodied by two different sets of values. The older generation represented by Joe and Kate strongly believed in family values and Pursue of the American dream at any cost. In contradiction, Joe and Anne express the younger generation’s ethics and ideals clearly shown in the thoughts of idealism that money is not the most important thing in life. Even though the younger generation’s ideals are sometimes thought of as being irrationalRead MoreEssay about All The Kings Men639 Words   |  3 Pages Trapped in the Web nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the novel, All the Kings Men by Robert Penn Warren, the characters live out the consequences of decisions made in their pasts. Each character deals with the past in a different way. It costs some relationships. It costs some their careers. It even costs some their lives. I believe that Cass Mastern says it best when he says amp;#8220;amp;#8230;the world is like an enormous spider web and if you and if you touch it, however lightly, at any pointRead MoreEssay on Irony in All Kings Men1599 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Penn Warren’s All the King’s Men is novel that explores the political society and its influences. Like several politicians in modern society, several characters have qualities that seem unsuitable to the impression that have made. These ironies in All the King’s Men reveal how the characters have flaws, which can result in critical consequences. Jack Burden, Adam Stanton, Judge Irwin and Willie Stark are characters that w ith ironic traits. Jack Burden is known as the â€Å"student of history†Read MoreAll the Kings Men - 2 Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Spider Web In the book, â€Å"All The King’s Men† by Robert Penn Warren, the character of Jack Burden gradually evolves into a person with a deeper comprehension of the world around him. Jack grapples with many new concepts, including the concept of whether or not knowledge is power. Jack’s profession involves digging into the past to discover information about others, which often, he will later use to blackmail them. So naturally Jack believes knowledge holds great power. However, as theRead More Film Critique of All the Presidents Men Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Summary Opening in theaters around the United States in April of 1976, All the President’s Men paints quite an accurate account of American journalism yet at the same time is a suspenseful adventure that manages to entertain and inform its viewers. Vincent Canby, a reviewer for the New York Times called the movie, â€Å"an unequivocal smash-hit—the thinking man’s Jaws.† Because the film is written from the perspective of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, the movie worksRead More All My Sons : The Influence of Larry Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesAll My Sons : The Influence of Larry In the book All My Sons, Larry has a big influence on the play. He is part of many of the problems shown in the book. Larry was Joe Keller’s older son and was reported missing three years before the time when the play is set. One of the first things mentioned is that Larry’s tree had been broken down by a gust of wind. You find out that the tree, being Larry’s tree really meant something to the family as Frank says â€Å"What’d Kate say?† this shows that

What Was Done By The Faculty Member And / Or Students

1) Describe what happened in this class session. What was done by the faculty member and/or the students? Ms. Connelly started class asking students that needed help with their homework to get it out. Some students opened their homework, but some did not. Ms. Connelly then began writing out and solving homework problems with an overhead projector. One student walked into class late, Ms. Connelly addressed it quickly with little disruption to the class. The student looked around the room and realized the other students had their homework out and he did the same. Ms. Connelly continued to work out homework problems step by step on the overhead projector. While doing this Ms. Connelly asked questions about the steps she used to solve the math equation and randomly called on students for the answers. After working out a few of the math problems Ms. Connelly asked the class if they understood how she solved the equations. A few students nodded their heads and then Ms. Connelly moved on solving the next equation. Ms. Connelly referenced a quiz that was coming up tomorrow in the students math classes and stated the homework problems will be on the quiz. The teacher then continued working out math problems and using question prompts to keep students engaged. While waiting for one student to answer another student called out the answer. Ms. Connelly addressed it and let the student know that she was waiting for the other student to answer the question. One student laid herShow MoreRelatedDiversity Reflection976 Words   |  4 Pages1) The major question I feel like I didn’t answer well was my knowledge of culture and diversity. 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As a new principle of Norden Township Junior-Senior HS; Dr. Jack Prince was facing a burden of problems; one of the bitterest was that his predecessor stepped down after a vote of no confidence. It clearly indicates that there is a group of people who do not want that the matters of the school run smoothly by the principle. ExampleRead MoreSchool Consolidation And The Politics Of School Closure Across Communities1541 Words   |  7 Pagesthe information to anyone. However, he was under the impression that, the faculty, deserved an immediate explanation of the situation. Furthermore, he believed that notifying them was, not only imperative, but ethical. Also, Mr. Jones was puzzled by the circumstances surrounding the school closure and the decision to informed him only twenty-four hours before the school board’s meeting. Despite the instructions given to him, Mr. Jones meet with the faculty and explained the difficult situation. Read MoreAdministrative Discretion Essay603 Wo rds   |  3 Pagesadministrative discretion can be power bias if it was handled unconstitutionally and unjust. For example, the was a case study done in Chicago on â€Å"The Exercise of Administrative Discretion in Secondary School Discipline† written in 1976 by Michael Manley-Casimir. He made points on how the faculty acts as loco parentis for all attending students during school hours making one-ended decisive rules. To explain deeper in this case he study two faculty members one a Caucasian male who handled all the disciplinaryRead MoreLack Of Diversity Within Nursing : Past, Present And Future1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe lack of diversity in nursing, has long been an issue that has plagued the field. In the past 100 years nursing has not be very diverse, it has been suggested that this is due to a less than desirable worldview and the expectation that nursing students adapt to Eurocentric standards (Bleich, MacWilliams Schmidt, 2014). Today, attention and importan ce of a more diverse nursing workforce is increasing, as many experts believe that for the best care to be administered the workforce should be similarRead MoreDr. Ryan Hernandez ( Dry Lab Researcher )1553 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief is often directed at those in the humanities fields, the Academic Senate followed around UCSF Associate Professor Ryan Hernandez, PhD, to see what he actually addresses in a week. The population geneticist is a professor in the UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and serves as a core member in the Quantitative Biosciences Institute and the Institute for Human Genetics. While his daily duties differ, his weekly duties follow a similar scheduleRead MoreResearch Methods For The University Recycling Program1661 Words   |  7 Pagesinterview questions for faculty were different from the ones asked to students. 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The Power to Declare War Essay - 1246 Words

The Power to Declare War Ritwik Ravin Poltical Science Mrs. Mooney December 13, 2010 Ricky Ravin, Mrs. Mooney The Power to Declare War Congress and the president use their powers to check and balance each other. One power of Congress is the ability to declare war. However, Congress generally gives the president control during war time. Because of this, the president is able to acquire more power over the war while Congress can do little if they have already given their approval. After the Vietnam War, in which Presidents Johnson and Nixon continued to wage despite a divided Congress[i]; they decided that the Constitution did not warrant the president to have the power to declare war, so they passed the War†¦show more content†¦Prior to the War Powers Act, President Harry Truman, rather than seek Congressional declaration, used his constitutional power as commander in chief to commit troops to the Korean War. Congress had no say in whether this war would be fought. Along with this, the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Presidents Lyndon Jo hnson and Richard Nixon the power to â€Å"take all necessary measures †¦ to prevent further aggression[iv].† This gave the presidents complete control over the war despite the Congresses eventual division, who could do nothing about it. These incidents caused Congress to decide that the Framers did not intend for the president to have this kind of war making power, so they passed the War Powers Act on November 7th, 1973, right after the Vietnam War. The War Powers Act was explicitly meant to limit presidential powers during war time, but it has failed to do so. The ninety day limit has never been followed and while 99 reports have been submitted to Congress because of the Resolution, the reports are simply to inform, rather than consult with Congress, after a planned action is already under way. During the presidential reign of Gerald Ford, the United States was involved with six military crises: the rescue of U.S. citizens and refugees in Vietnam after the war, the res cue of the Mayaguez, and two evacuation operations in Lebanon. The War Powers Act was not applied in any of these situations, and it’s relevancy in militaryShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Declare War : Does It Mean Anything Anymore?1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power to Declare War: Does it Mean Anything Anymore? Throughout the history of the United States, the President has bypassed the Congress and engaged in warring actions. All cited Emergency Action as the qualifying reason. Some, after the fact asked congress for a declaration of war, others have not. Regardless, the Chief Executives seemed to have found that a formal declaration is not required whenever it would benefit them. 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Despite the powers granted for Congress and the president in the Constitution, we don’t know to what extent the president has the power to send troops and declare war without Congress’s approvalRead MoreThe War Powers Resolution Of 1973986 Words   |  4 PagesWho has the power to go to war? Most people would say the President while others would say Congress. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 may shine some light on who or whom can declare war. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 also know simple as the War Powers Act states the President must notify Congress within a 48 hour time frame that he is sending troops into military combat. The act does not allow military solders from remaining in a state of conflict for more than 60 days. After 60 days the PresidentRead MorePowers Of The United States Constitution1552 Words   |  7 PagesMia Stagnitta Mrs. Tobin American Government 7 17 November 2014 Enumerated Powers The United States Constitution consists of twenty-seven expressed or enumerated powers. These powers were carefully constructed by the Framers of the Constitution in hopes that the government would remain fair in its law making ways. The Legislative Branch is comprised of the Senate and House of Representatives, commonly referred to as Congress. It known of as the law making body of the United States government withRead MoreThe Power Of The War882 Words   |  4 PagesSection Eight, Congress has the power â€Å"To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;† This means that Congress must be consulted before going to war and has the power to not only declare war, but also the power to raise an army and navy, to fund war effort; however, the President, in Article II, is named commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but this does not give him the power to commit armed forces to war. Although the Constitution grantsRead MoreInfluence of German Naval Policy, American Economic Interests, and Allied Propaganda on the American Decision to Declare War on Germany in 19171051 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision to declare war on Germany in 1917. German naval policy, American economic interests, and allied propaganda The American decision to declare war on Germany was influenced by several factors of varying degrees. To a great extent, the aggressive German naval policy contributed to the involvement of the United States in World War I. A secondary influence on this decision derived from U.S. economic interests abroad and on the homefront. Another influence leading to America’s entrance into war was theRead MoreGermany And The World War II1010 Words   |  5 Pages Germany invaded Poland which cause Britain, New Zealand, and France to declare war on Germany, starting World War Two. 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Ultimately, the U.S. congress is the strongest branch of government because of its vast amount of enumerated powers including the elastic clause, which allows congress to passRead MoreThe Division Of War Powers1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof War Powers There is a long standing debate in American politics over whether or not the President has unilateral war powers. Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution states that the President will be Commander in Chief of the navy and army and thus has the power to organize and lead military operations. However, the power to declare war officially lies in the hands of Congress based on Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution. This division of war power between

The United States An Advanced Market - 1406 Words

An advanced market is beginning to emerge from a strong drive for cleaner and greener technology, especially in dealing with energy production. Green technology is in the infant stages with several countries competing to create new technology in a competitive, cost effective way. Currently, the United States trails far behind other industrialized countries in the production and implementation of better suited, environmentally friendly technology. If this continues to be a trend, the U.S can lose their comparative advantage in technology to countries who would have access to enhanced and innovative technology to produce at a much cheaper cost. When one country is able to be more efficient in producing one good or service compared to a different country, a comparative advantage has occurred. This usually takes place when a country is able to focus and specialize in a product or service so they will have a stronger dominance in what they do. The United States have exceeded in creativity and innovation, which accounts for the advantage in technology (Macroeconomics, 24-38). The U.S. also has a trade surplus in services and is the forerunner in the worlds’ service exports (Global Trade in Services, 84). The United States technological innovations are evident with computers, military equipment, aerospace, and medical technology. Exports of technology included in capital good and consumer exports total around 64%, with imports of similar goods at 62.4% (World Factbook, CIA).Show MoreRelatedEssay about Advanced Biomedical Devices Case Study955 Words   |  4 PagesAdvanced Biomedical Devices Case Study Global market opportunities will help a firm gain more opportunities, establish factories, enter a collaboration with a foreign partners that will help the firm overall with its goals, and help improve performance. For the case with Advanced Biomedical Devices, ABD, the question was whether the company was ready or not to internationalize it’s company and start exporting its products to foreign locations. Already being successful in the United States, ABD’sRead MoreNew Technology : A Better Or Better Than Better Efficient Friendly Technology? Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesmore relevant- or urgent- than with energy† – Barack Obama. (Seattle Times, Van Jones). An advanced market is beginning to emerge from a strong drive for cleaner and greener technology, especially in dealing with energy production. Green technology is currently in the infant stages with several countries competing to create new technology in a competitive, cost effective way. Currently, the United States trails far behind other industrialized countries in the production and implementation of betterRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"the Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, Policies and Prospects† Dominick Salvatore, Journal of Politics Society, Columbia University1110 Words   |  5 Pagespaper. The United States and Europe did almost everything possible to avoid the recession: introduced stimulus packages, lowered interest rates, capitalized banks but, their efforts only succeeded in preventing a deeper recession or depression. The outcome of the last financial crisis is evident to all: stock markets crashed all over the world in 2008, the capitalization of bank s was cut by more than half, the entire U.S. investment banking sector as we had known it disappeared, all advanced countriesRead MoreWhat Are The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Argument?1025 Words   |  5 Pagesthe argument can be found. If you’re using an e-book without page numbers, include the section title and paragraph number. (YOUR WORD COUNT-50 words max.): Ford argues that a robot comprehends slower than a human does in a manufacturing setting. He states that in a warehouse, the robot would take time to adjust to the setting and â€Å"ponders some more† before lunging forward and grabbing a box from the pile (Ford, 2015, pg. 2). Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the argument (YOUR WORD COUNT-200Read MoreEcon103 Finalpaper1418 Words   |  6 Pagesissue with other advanced countries. It states that in recent years, middle class families in America were receiving meager raised income than counterparts were around the world, and most of American families were receiving unequally income. Those income data were analyzed by LIS, a group that maintains the Luxembourg Income Study Databases, and by The Upshot, a New York Times website covering policy and politics, and also reviewed by outside-academic economists. The United States used to be a leaderRead MoreMarket Analysis of Tolapp Corporation803 Words   |  3 PagesCorporation Market Analysis Tolapp Corporation is one leading financial services companies in the United States and Canada, and continues to grow rapidly. By continuing to grow in North America, Tolapp has set the foundation for quick global growth as well. The market analysis, strategic proposal and implementation plan provided below are provided to guide the corporations efforts into becoming a global provider of financial services. Market Analysis   Included in this section are the market size,Read MoreThe Griffin s Food Company Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagescountry in North America consists of 48 contagious and 2 non contagious states with a total area of 9,629,047 sq km. New York City and Washington D C is the largest city and capital of USA respectively. The country is increasingly prosperous in natural resources, having a variety of tress and crops. 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The United States have involved itself in such terrorists attacks due to the desire to possess such resources, power and control. The Islamic State of Iraq also commonly known as ‘ISIS’, Salafi jihadist militant group that follows an Islamic fundamentalist is the offspring of such desire from the United States and the Western Hemisphere. America’s interest and influence for oil in the middle east gave birth to ISIS. The United States and the Western Hemisphere desireRead MoreWalmart : The Largest Retailer Of The United States Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesWalmart, the largest retailer in the United States, was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 (Malhotra, 2016). The headquters is located in Arkansas. Walmart is the third largest ecommerce company, just behind Amazon and Apple (Malhotra, 2016). Walmart has more than 11,000 stores in over 27 countries and has 2.3 million employees all over the world (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d. Malhotra, 2016). More than half of these employees (1.4 million) worked in the United States (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d. Malhotra, 2016)

Romeo and Juliet is a charcteristic of Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet is a charcteristic of Shakespeare Essay Romeo and Juliet (RJ) is very characteristic of a Shakespearean play because of its recurring themes, language and diction, and story of a tragedy. Much like Hamlet and The Tempest, Shakespeare incorporates themes such as family rivalries, father and daughter relationships, revenge, and obedience vs. disobedience. One theme that tips RJ off to be a Shakespearean play is the rivalry between and inside families. In RJ, a rivalry exists between the two major families of Capulet and Montague. In addition, there is a hatred children have toward parents. Juliet rebelling against her father can be compared to Hermia rebelling against Egeus in A Midsummer Nights Dream. In this example, Romeo is Lysander, the one whom the girl truly loves, while Paris is Demetrius, the one whom the parents want her to marry. Much like Hermia and Lysander, Romeo and Juliet try to run away and elope without their parents knowing. Another obvious theme, which is tied into the previous example, is love. Just as Juliet loves Romeo, other relationships include Hermia and Lysander, Miranda and Ferdinand (The Tempest), and Ophelia and Hamlet (Hamlet). Another recurrent theme is the creation of a fantasy world. In R;J, the costume party is much like a fantasy world with the decorative house, fireworks in the sky, and uncontrollable partying of the colorful guests. Another Shakespearean imaginary world is in A Midsummer Nights Dream where the forest is a place in which the fairies roam and rule. One more theme apparent in Shakespearean plays including RJ is that of revenge. In a mad rage, Romeo kills Tybalt because he kills his best friend, Mercutio.The whole plot of The Tempest deals with Prospero devising a complicated plan just to gain revengeon his brother, Alonso, and his party. In Hamlet, Hamlets whole purpose in the play is avenging his fathers murder, and the story centers on the way he goes about it. The very language and diction of RJ easily shows how the play is Shakespeares. The usage of metaphors, similes, and archaic language are marks of a Shakespearean play. Another factor is how the characters are one-sided at times. Romeo is mainly an emotional person drawing a parallel to Miranda also being only emotional. The fact that R;J is a tragedy is characteristic of Shakespeare. Other tragedies that Shakespeare wrote toward the end of his career include Hamlet and The Tempest. R;J can easily be spotted as a play by William Shakespeare by anyone who has a basic knowledge of his plays. The primary reason is because Shakespeare tends to recycle his themes in each play he makes. Another reason is the poetic yet archaic language he uses in all his works. Despite the more up-dated movie version of R;J, it still can be seen as Shakespeares just on the basis of themes alone.

Evaluation of The Monetary Policy Stabilizing The Euro Currency

Question: Describe about the Evaluation of The Monetary Policy for Stabilizing The Euro Currency. Answer: Introduction The European central bank is a part of the euro system and is responsible for maintain and framing and implementing the euro system monetary and economic policy. The European central bank has the responsibility of area comprising of twelve various countries having different economic and cultural background. The main and primary objective of ECB is to maintain the price stability so that the purchasing power of the single currency is preserved. The mission of the central bank of Europe is to safeguard the value of euro and maintaining the price stability and thus serving the people of Europe (Oldani 2012). The ECB contributes to the banking system in terms of its soundness and safety. Specific tasks are carried out by the central bank in various areas such as macroprudential policy, bank notes, financial stability and banking supervision including the international cooperation. The bank is primarily held accountable for the representation of the European citizens. As such, its primary responsibility is the financial welfare of the European citizens in the country . Therefore, it is necessary that the transparent and the honest financial policies to prevent any discrepancy and threats that can harm the financial condition of the business entity. The framework of the ECB has faced substantial changes due to the transfer of the monitory policy at the community level (Belke and Volz 2015). The European central bank works with all European Union countries national banks. The cooperation between the central banks leads to the creation of the Euro system. It comprises of the three governing bodies and this includes Governing council, General council and the Executive board (Albu et al. 2014). The role of the Governing council is to define the monetary policy of Euro zone and is responsible for fixing the interest rate that is the lending rate of the commercial banks from the European Central bank. The General council contributes to the coordination of work, advise and prepare the new countries in joining the euro (Alessi et al. 2014). The executive board is responsible for implementing the monetary policies and it has power, which is exercised due to the delegation by the Government council. The day to day operations is managed by the executive board and is responsible for preparing the meeting of the Government council (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The strategies followed by ECB in maintain the price stability comes from the monetary policy and it is based on the quantitative definition of the same. The policy is then channeled through the transmission mechanism to the real economy (Allard et al. 2013). The monitory policy intentions and the interest rates are steered through a set of procedures and instruments such as standing facilities, open market operations, deposit facilities, and maintaining minimum reserve requirement (Aysan et al. 2014). The bank has conducted the monetary policy using the standards measures from the very beginning when it came into existence until the time of global crisis. On the other hand, the non-standard measures used by the ECB include program related to securities market, outright monetary transactions and the program of purchasing assets (Bauer and Neely 2014). However, such non-standard measures faced criticism along with the praise that it received. The bank has the authority of producing th e euro banknotes. It is also responsible for managing the foreign currencies reserves of Eurozones and also balances the exchange rates by intervening in the selling and buying of the currencies so as to stabilize the home currency (Allard et al. 2013). The framework of European Central Bank and Euro system The European Union is a common economic and monetary union and the responsibility of the monetary policy with the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the European Central Bank (ECB). The basis of the common monetary policy is laid down in the Treaty of European Union and the statue of European System of Central Banks and of the European Central (Belke and Volz 2015). The formal aspect of the ECBS has two levels the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the member states and this together constitutes the euro system. The functioning of Euro system is governed by the principles of decentralized execution of monetary policy (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). The European Central Bank is responsible for coordinating the operations and the National Central Banks are responsible for carrying out the transaction like providing funds to the bank, settlement of payments and management of foreign reserve operation (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). Objectives of the Euro system The Euro System constitutes both the European Central bank and the national central banks of the member states (Campiglio 2016). The primary objective of the Euro system is to maintain price stability. To attain this objective the European Central Bank and the associated national central banks supports the general economic policy for sustainable development of Europe based on the equitable economic growth and stability of the price (Carpenter et al. 2014). Task of the European Central Bank euro system The responsibility of the European Central bank along and the overall Euro system are the following (Carpenter et al. 2013): Understanding and implementing the monetary policy; Monitoring and conducting of foreign exchange operation; Management of the euro area foreign currency reserves; Implementing the smooth operation of payment system across Europe; In addition to this European Central Bank is also responsible for supervision of banking system, bank notes, statistics and financial stability along with the international and European cooperation (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The Monetary policy of European Central Bank The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability and it is the single most important monetary policy for which it exists. In order to achieve this objective the implementation of ECBs monetary policy is depended on two pillars (Chen et al. 2012). The first pillar is the monetary policy strategy and the second pillar is the operational framework. The monetary policy strategy determines the level of interest that is required to maintain price stability over the medium term (Claeys et al. 2014). The operational framework is the instruments and procedures that European Central Bank uses to achieve its desired rate of interest (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The ECBs monetary policy strategy ECB follows a strategy of analyzing the risk in the euro zone with respect to price stability. The strategy includes a quantitative analysis of price stability along with the economic and the monetary analysis of risk to price stability in the region (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). These are the two main elements that provide the ECB with the framework for assessment of information and decision-making (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). Price Stability It is the primary objective of the European Central Bank but it is not specifically stated in the treaties. Therefore, to obtain clarity the ECB has decided to define the price stability quantitavely (Fiore and Tristani 2013). In definition, it provides that its aim is to maintain inflation below or close to 2% in medium terms. The definition has helped to increase the clarity and transparency of the ECBs monetary policy (Galati and Moessner 2013). It aims to maintain the price stability for the medium term. It is justified that the policy focuses on medium term because there is a time lag between formulation of monetary policy and the effect of actual changes in the price level (Goodhart 2014). If the monetary policy were framed for short term then it would create price volatility instead of price stability (Henning 2015). Economic and monetary analysis The monetary policy decision of the European Central Bank is based on the economic and monetary analysis. The economic and monetary analysis both are complementary to each other (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The economic analysis focuses on short term whereas the monetary analysis focuses on the medium term. They both act as cross checks to reduce the policy error caused by over reliance on single model (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). Economic Analysis The economic analysis focuses on the assessment of the current economic and financial trends. It also analyses the short to medium term risks that the economic and financial conditions presents for the price stability (Joyce et al. 2012). The main objective of the analysis is to identify the shocks that affect the economy. The analysis are based on the trends in the global economy, development in productions, demand for services and goods, conditions of the labor market and the financial market conditions (Kirkegaard 2014). In addition to this, the ECB also carries out several surveys that provide additional input into the economic analysis (Kuhn and Stoeckel 2014). Monetary Analysis The analysis of the monetary policy focuses on the medium to long term. In this detailed analysis of monetary and credit trends along with the implications for inflation and economic growth are studied (Lane 2012). The Monetary policy instruments of ECB The European Central bank uses various monetary transmission mechanisms through which the monetary policies are channelized to affect the price level and the economy in particular (Merler and Wolff 2013). It is done in two stages the first stage is to change the interest rate which in turn affects the market interest rate, asset prices, exchange rate and the credit situation in general (Moravcsik 2012). The second stage is the affect that changes in the first stage has on the overall spending ability of the households, firms and companies. The main instrument the European Bank has to affect the economy is the official interest rate (Oldani 2012). The rates that are determined by the ECB are the interest rate on main refinancing operations, the rate on the deposit facility and the rate on the marginal lending facility. The ECB has also various introduced non-standard policy measures after the recent financial crisis (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The framework of operation has the following set of instruments open market operations, standing facilities and minimum requirement of reserve to be maintained by the credit institutions (PolaÅ„ski 2016). Open market operations The open market operations perform an important role in steering interest rates, it also helps in managing the liquidity of the market and it signals the stance on monetary policy. Five types of instrument are available in the euro zone for open market operations (Reichlin 2013). The most important instrument among them is the reserve transactions that are conducted in the form of repurchase agreement or as a collateral loan (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The other instruments it uses are outright transactions, debt certificates, fixed term deposits and foreign exchange swaps (Szczerbowicz 2015). The ECB initiates open market operations and it decides the terms and conditions of the instrument. The open market operations are executed based on bilaleteral procedures, standard tenders and quick tenders (Van Rompuy 2012). There are primarily four types of open market operations main refinancing operations, long term refinancing operations, fine-tuning operations and structural operations. The main refinancing operations are liquidity providing transaction conducted by ECB (Wallace et al. 2015). It plays an important part in fulfilling the objectives of the ECB and it is responsible for the largest share of refinancing to the financial sectors. The longer term refinancing has longer maturity time than the main refinancing operations (Welfens 2012). The primary objective of longer term refinancing is to provide additional refinancing for the long-term and to serve other objectives of monetary policy (Friedman 2015). The fine tuning operations have the option to be executed on ad hoc basis so that the liquidity situation in the market could be managed by steering interest rates. This are executed normally through tenders or bilateral procedures (Albu et al. 2014). The structural operations are conducted through reverse transactions, out right transactions and the issue of the debt certificates. Standing facilities The aim of the standing facility is to provide and absorb liquidity, provide a general overview of the monetary policy and to bind market interest rates. There are two standing facilities that are administered by National Central Bank and they are marginal lending facility and deposit facility (Alessi et al. 2014). The marginal lending facilities helps to obtain overnight liquidity from the National Central banks against assets that are eligible. The interest rates on the marginal lending acts as the threshold limit for the overnight market interest rate. The deposit facilities can also be used to make overnight deposits with the National Central Banks (Allard et al. 2013). Minimum Reserves The minimum reserve is the integral aspect of the operational framework of the monetary policy of the euro zone (Aysan et al. 2014). The main purpose of the minimum reserve system is to satisfy the objective of stabilizing the interest rates and to create a shortage in liquidity in a structural manner. The reserves to be maintained by various institutions are determined by the position of their balance sheet (Bauer and Neely 2014). Asset Purchase Programmes The expanded Asset purchase program addresses the risk of prolonged period of low inflation. It consists of public sector purchase program, third covered bond purchase programme and asset backed securities purchase programme (Belke and Volz 2015). Strategies used by the central government to stabilize Euro currency: Euro has acquired a significant position in the international market but this leads to face euro with the challenges of the economic policies. As a denomination of the issues relating to international level, euro has a prominent role (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). One of the primary objectives of the European central bank is to maintain stability in the price. ECB based its monetary policy in reference to the stabilizing the currency into two pillars. The first focuses on the shorter term and the second focuses on the medium to long term (Carpenter et al. 2014). A number of external factors and domestic factors determine the exchange rate. When there is a change in interest rate, which is when the interest rate rise, the domestic currency becomes more attractive to the international investors (Bradley 2014). This leads to the appreciation of currency. The change in exchange rate affects the inflation of any country and this is due to the lower price of imported goods. The competitiveness of the domestic product gets affected when the currency is appreciated or depreciated (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). The monetary policy has a transmission mechanisms and it consists of various channel thorough which price is stabilize (Henning 2015). The exchange rate channel is one of such channel that affects the exchange rate help in stabilizing. The monetary policy concerning the exchange rate does not embodies the target of euro rate and it mainly focuses on the price stability and its maintenance in the euro is facilitated by the strategies of the policies regarding the exchange rate (Campiglio 2016). The general strategy is to rule out the implicit or explicit rate of euro. The policy adhered by ECB is of benign neglect during a phase when there was a euro vis--vis dollar depreciation in the year 1999 (Carpenter et al. 2014). Since the birth of the European central bank, the fundamental principle guiding the strategy of the bank has not changed significantly. Maintaining the price stability is the fundamental strategy of the European central bank (Carpenter et al. 2013). This is because the price stability is beneficial in several aspects. The central bank used the tools such as the interest rate to adjust the supply of money (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). Monetary policy is also the useful policy used by ECB for achieving the growth objectives. The instruments and tools include the development of the monetary aggregates and this is done by comprehensive analysis (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The transmission mechanism is used by the central bank that affects the price level and the economy in particular. The first stage of this mechanism consists of changes in the rate of base money or the interest rate and this ultimately affects the price level, exchange rate and the interest rate as well (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The official interest rate is the main lever the central bank has at its disposal (Bradley 2014). This is done by making provision of funds to the banks which is one of the key operations of the bank. This impacts the interest rate of the money market and this leads to the change in the expectation of the future rate of exchange. In the year 2012, the European central bank announced the program of sovereign bond purchasing called Outright Monetary transactions and the objective of this program was to repair the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy so that the homogenous credit conditions throughout the Euro zone is restored (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). The purchase of such type of sovereign debt is intended to reduce the risks premier regarding the possibility of reversibility of the Euro (Fiore and Tristani 2013). The other monetary policy operation that aims to absorb the liquidity overnight is the standing facilities. The standing facilities are of two types. Deposit facility mad marginal lending facility (Friedman 2015). The rate on the marginal lending facility rate is comparatively higher than the money market rate. So the only option available to the credit institutions is the deposit facility (Galati and Moessner 2013). The rate on the deposit facility and the marginal lending facility normally provides a floor and the ceiling in the money market. When the government determines the rate for the standing facilities, it is setting corridor for the rate of money market to operate (Goodhart 2014). Minimum reserves is another tools used by the European Central Bank in stabilizing the interest rate of the money market and ultimately stabilizing the euro currency. Under this tool, all banks in euro zones are required to hold minimum reserves of certain amount (Henning 2015). The amount to be kept as reserves is calculated in relation to items such as deposits in the balance sheets of the banks account (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The banks are able to stabilize the interest rate in the money market using such reserves. This is done by providing the institutions an incentive to smooth the consequences of the liquidity fluctuations, which is arising on a temporary basis (Joyce et al. 2012). This would enhance the liquidity shortage of the banking system. Through the open market operations, it would be possible for the Euro Central bank would be able to steer the rates of money market (Kirkegaard 2014). This would be because the ECB is offering liquidity to the banks at such rate, w hich is aligned to the policies of the banks, and thus the money market rate is getting influenced (Lane 2012). Quantitative easing also known as asset purchase program aims at reviving the area of economy of Euro area. This is new policy instrument and unconventional tool (Merler and Wolff 2013). Under this tool, the European Central bank purchase euro denominated and securities that are of investment grade from the European institution or the Euro area government to create new money (Moravcsik 2012). The plan is expected to have a positive impact on the performance of the economy. The process is very advance and does not involve printing of any bank notes. It is performed electronically (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The ECB increase the credit in its account by creating the money. The low or stable interest rate would prompt the investors and they would look for better yield on the bonds elsewhere. This would have impact on the domestic currency and the lower value of currency would boost the exports (PolaÅ„ski 2016). The European monetary union makes the euro area less vulnerable to the instability of the overall exchange rate. In order to stabilize the foreign exchange market, the ECB has developed a comprehensive framework of its exchange rate policy (Reichlin 2013). ECB has introduced an intervention policy by stopping the appreciation of euro and this is done by announcing the upper limit of the dollar exchange rate (Schularick and Taylor 2012). This strategy relies on the signaling channel and the portfolio balance channel of intervention. Under this type of intervention, the central bank is engaged in buying and selling of the foreign exchange and this leads to the adjustments of the portfolio of the private sector (Van Rompuy 2012). The signaling channel market information about the future monetary policy is provided by the central bank and this stabilizes the expectations of the exchange rates (Welfens 2012). This intervention policy has two directions and they are: When the euro appreciates, the central bank tries to limit the appreciation. The bank buys foreign exchange against the deposits of central bank, which it cannot supply with the quantitative limit (Galati and Moessner 2013). The intervention of ECB forms preventing the appreciation of Euro vis--vis dollar. The rates of the domestic money market that is required to maintain the stability of price in the Euro area, ECB has its deposits facility disposed (Henning 2015). This facility does not have any limit, so the monetary conditions cannot be affected in the euro area. The ECB tries to defend the currency against the market pressure in the event of depreciation. This type of defend is performed under the constraint of the reserves of the foreign exchange (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). However, it is utmost important to analyze the intervention policy affecting the price in the euro area. Intervention of the ECB in the foreign exchange market would have a direct impact on the monetary base (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). When the monetary base increases then there is creation of deposit facility by ECB for the specific purpose. The interest rate would determine the rate in the money market in the euro area (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). When the monetary base decreases and this happens by providing credits to the commercial banks. If the ECB operates with the marginal lending facility, such compensation would be provided automatically (Galati and Moessner 2012). There also exists bilateral arrangement of the intervention policy. The policy of unilateral exchange rate of ECB would be able to contribute to the employment and growth without affecting price stability in the euro area. When there is a uncontrolled depreciation of the exchange rate say, euro versus doll ar then the ECB has a limited room for maneuver (Henning 2015). Therefore, this calls for bilateral agreement between the euro area and another company say, United States. This would leads to the creation of exchange rate band where the euro/dollar rate would swing or the rates would fluctuate in limits (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). The difficulties of identifying the equilibrium rate of exchange would be depicted in the width of the band of the exchange rate. The intervention is carried out by ECB directly in a centralized manner. The interventions of foreign exchange can take place within the exchange rate mechanism framework that is exchange rate mechanism II. This is based on the legal documents (Kirkegaard 2014). The Evaluation of Performance of ECB The dotcom bubble busted in 2002 and the global economy faced a serious economic crisis. This event affected both the US and European economy but interestingly US markets were able to regain its strength whereas in Europe the economy continuously suffered from low growth rates (Moravcsik 2012). The main reason for this disparity in economic recovery is due to the policies of the European Central Bank. The performance of ECB between the period 1999-2000 shows that interest rates were set higher during this period (Pelizzon et al. 2016). This policy was not in accordance with the final domestic demand because increased interest rate has a cascading effect. The increased interest rate means that there will be fewer borrowings from bank by the companies, which eventually means that there will be less investment, as a result low economic growth (Reichlin 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that for the first few years the performance of the ECB was below the expectations. It can also be ar gued that ECB has performed well as it has been successful in maintaining inflation rate near 2% in the last two years of the period (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The ECB would have achieved its target of maintaining inflation below 2% but failed due to tax pull inflation. The restrictions of the stability and growth pact (SGP) are the main cause of tax pull inflation. It forces the governments either to cut spending or increase taxes in order to fulfill its objectives (Van Rompuy 2012). The ECB however cannot be directly blamed for this but it can also be said that there is a link between the monetary policy of the ECB and the SGP which cannot be completely denied. The situation started improving and by 2007, the interest rate of the ECB was completely in aligned with the domestic growth rates (Bauer and Neely 2014). The economic conditions in Europe were in upswing during this period but in 2007, a period of economic crisis again ensued. The ECB again increased its key interest ra te as a result the investment in the economy decreased (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). This policy was of ECB was criticized by different quarters as it reacted slowly in the emerging financing crisis and its policy of increasing interest rate was also criticized. In the time of crisis, the policies of the ECB to increase interest rates greatly diminished the capability of the European countries to recover from the slowdown (Campiglio 2016). The evaluation of monetary policy of ECB The most important element of the strategies implemented by the ECB is that it gives importance to money. It was important because the availability of money from the macroeconomics was diminishing during the period (Chen et al. 2012). The strategies implemented by the ECB were primarily based on the assumptions provided in the quantity theory. Therefore, it used its independence to fix a money supply rate to attain its objective of attaining price stability (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The analysis of the performance of the ECB highlights that there are few deficiencies that are needed to be addressed. It can be argued that the key interest rates set by the ECB are high and it is adversely affecting the economic growth of the Europe (Friedman 2015). The European monetary policies are not conducive and are far from being sound. The inefficient and non-transparent decision making structure of the ECB was highlighted during the recent financial crisis (Galati and Moessner 2013). The m onetary policies of the European central bank prior to the crisis contributed to the economic imbalance in the Europe. The policies during the Greek crisis were pragmatic but there is a need of reform in the governing council of the ECB so that accountability and transparency can be ensued in the system (Henning 2015). The future of the ECB is dependent on its ability to adapt with the emerging challenges within the European Union. The ECB has adopted various unconventional and untested monetary measures along with the Asset purchase program to avoid the liquidity crisis in the financial sector and to avoid break up of European Union (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The purpose of the monetary policy is to encourage the investors in taking risks. The excessive risk taking can however be the cause of future financial crisis. The lessons learned from the global economic crisis shows that the price stability by in itself could not ensure financial stability (Joyce et al. 2012). Therefore, a broad Conesus has emerged financial stability should be addressed ex ante. It can be said that monetary policy is not helpful in addressing the financial crisis it should primarily focus to its main objective of maintain price stability (Lane 2012). The credibility of the ECB is based on the fulfilling of this objective. The steps for reforming ECB The monetary policy of the ECB has failed to meet the targets and it failed to tap the full growth potential of the European economy. Many attempts have been made to reform the European Central Banks functioning by the academic writers (Reichlin 2013). The most common proposal is to introduce more accountability and to make the administrative system of ECB more democratic. There is also a need to provide the right to the European parliament to define price stability in order to make it more accountable (Szczerbowicz 2015). This would not only make the decision making democratic but also provide a higher legitimacy to the decision. The second proposal is to reform the decision making process of the ECB. The restructuring of the council is therefore needed for smooth functioning (Van Rompuy 2012). A system of rotation should be implemented by reserving the permanent seats for few large countries so that the discourse is not only dominated by smaller countries (Welfens 2012). Conclusion In the report it is presented that, the ESCB has two level systems they are European Central bank and the National Central Banks. In this two level structure the ECSB overlooks the joint existence of the ECB and the national Central Banks. The ECB also has legal personality status that helps to fulfill its aims and the monetary policy targets. In order to achieve this aim it has a wide range of monetary policy instruments. They are open market operations, standing facilities, creation of the minimum reserves etc. The aim of these instruments is to influence the market interest rates and the liquidity of the financial sector in order to guide the monetary policy. These policy instruments have been playing a pivotal role in the development of the banking system in the domestic and the international market. The decision making power is in the hands of the ECB but the implementation of it depends on the national banks. The economic philosophy of the European Central Bank is that in the long run the real economy is not determined by the available liquidity. The primary objective of the monetary policy is to achieve short-term price stability and thereby achieving economic growth. The ECB intervenes in a centralized manner to affect the price of the euro zone. 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