The Power to Declare War Essay - 1246 Words

The Power to Declare War Ritwik Ravin Poltical Science Mrs. Mooney December 13, 2010 Ricky Ravin, Mrs. Mooney The Power to Declare War Congress and the president use their powers to check and balance each other. One power of Congress is the ability to declare war. However, Congress generally gives the president control during war time. Because of this, the president is able to acquire more power over the war while Congress can do little if they have already given their approval. After the Vietnam War, in which Presidents Johnson and Nixon continued to wage despite a divided Congress[i]; they decided that the Constitution did not warrant the president to have the power to declare war, so they passed the War†¦show more content†¦Prior to the War Powers Act, President Harry Truman, rather than seek Congressional declaration, used his constitutional power as commander in chief to commit troops to the Korean War. Congress had no say in whether this war would be fought. Along with this, the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Presidents Lyndon Jo hnson and Richard Nixon the power to â€Å"take all necessary measures †¦ to prevent further aggression[iv].† This gave the presidents complete control over the war despite the Congresses eventual division, who could do nothing about it. These incidents caused Congress to decide that the Framers did not intend for the president to have this kind of war making power, so they passed the War Powers Act on November 7th, 1973, right after the Vietnam War. The War Powers Act was explicitly meant to limit presidential powers during war time, but it has failed to do so. The ninety day limit has never been followed and while 99 reports have been submitted to Congress because of the Resolution, the reports are simply to inform, rather than consult with Congress, after a planned action is already under way. During the presidential reign of Gerald Ford, the United States was involved with six military crises: the rescue of U.S. citizens and refugees in Vietnam after the war, the res cue of the Mayaguez, and two evacuation operations in Lebanon. The War Powers Act was not applied in any of these situations, and it’s relevancy in militaryShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Declare War : Does It Mean Anything Anymore?1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power to Declare War: Does it Mean Anything Anymore? Throughout the history of the United States, the President has bypassed the Congress and engaged in warring actions. All cited Emergency Action as the qualifying reason. Some, after the fact asked congress for a declaration of war, others have not. Regardless, the Chief Executives seemed to have found that a formal declaration is not required whenever it would benefit them. War Powers Article I, Section 8, Clause 11Read MoreWorld War I ( Wwi )959 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I (WWI) had many main events from 1914 – 1918. It was known as the Great War and the war to end all wars. It also introduced us to many new technology to including Barbed wire, machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airships, aircraft s, new naval vessels and tanks. All these wartime machines and equipment resulted in unprecedented carnage and destruction, with more than 9 million soldiers killed by the end of the war. This First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in EuropeRead MoreThe Executive Branch Of The United States Constitution1493 Words   |  6 Pagesprocedures, requirements, powers and limitation of the president. The president is given some powers in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution such as making treaties, vetoing laws, and being Chief Executive of the Executive branch. The president is also the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy. Despite the powers granted for Congress and the president in the Constitution, we don’t know to what extent the president has the power to send troops and declare war without Congress’s approvalRead MoreThe War Powers Resolution Of 1973986 Words   |  4 PagesWho has the power to go to war? Most people would say the President while others would say Congress. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 may shine some light on who or whom can declare war. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 also know simple as the War Powers Act states the President must notify Congress within a 48 hour time frame that he is sending troops into military combat. The act does not allow military solders from remaining in a state of conflict for more than 60 days. After 60 days the PresidentRead MorePowers Of The United States Constitution1552 Words   |  7 PagesMia Stagnitta Mrs. Tobin American Government 7 17 November 2014 Enumerated Powers The United States Constitution consists of twenty-seven expressed or enumerated powers. These powers were carefully constructed by the Framers of the Constitution in hopes that the government would remain fair in its law making ways. The Legislative Branch is comprised of the Senate and House of Representatives, commonly referred to as Congress. It known of as the law making body of the United States government withRead MoreThe Power Of The War882 Words   |  4 PagesSection Eight, Congress has the power â€Å"To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;† This means that Congress must be consulted before going to war and has the power to not only declare war, but also the power to raise an army and navy, to fund war effort; however, the President, in Article II, is named commander-in-chief of the armed forces, but this does not give him the power to commit armed forces to war. Although the Constitution grantsRead MoreInfluence of German Naval Policy, American Economic Interests, and Allied Propaganda on the American Decision to Declare War on Germany in 19171051 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision to declare war on Germany in 1917. German naval policy, American economic interests, and allied propaganda The American decision to declare war on Germany was influenced by several factors of varying degrees. To a great extent, the aggressive German naval policy contributed to the involvement of the United States in World War I. A secondary influence on this decision derived from U.S. economic interests abroad and on the homefront. Another influence leading to America’s entrance into war was theRead MoreGermany And The World War II1010 Words   |  5 Pages Germany invaded Poland which cause Britain, New Zealand, and France to declare war on Germany, starting World War Two. (September 1-3, 1939) Royal air force attacks the German navy (September 4, 1939) United states proclaims neutrality in the war (September 5, 1939) Canada declares war on Germany (September 10, 1939) First German air raids on London (August 23, 1940) German Blitzkrieg against Britain starts, London is a target, German air raids on cities - Southampton, Bristol, Cardiff, LiverpoolRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1453 Words   |  6 Pagessystem of checks and balances, and a distinct separation of powers amongst the three branches of government. But, even with this system of checks and balances in place, it is evident that the 3 branches are not equal, and that congress is significantly more powerful than both the executive and judicial branches of government. Ultimately, the U.S. congress is the strongest branch of government because of its vast amount of enumerated powers including the elastic clause, which allows congress to passRead MoreThe Division Of War Powers1418 Words   |  6 Pagesof War Powers There is a long standing debate in American politics over whether or not the President has unilateral war powers. Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution states that the President will be Commander in Chief of the navy and army and thus has the power to organize and lead military operations. However, the power to declare war officially lies in the hands of Congress based on Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution. This division of war power between

The United States An Advanced Market - 1406 Words

An advanced market is beginning to emerge from a strong drive for cleaner and greener technology, especially in dealing with energy production. Green technology is in the infant stages with several countries competing to create new technology in a competitive, cost effective way. Currently, the United States trails far behind other industrialized countries in the production and implementation of better suited, environmentally friendly technology. If this continues to be a trend, the U.S can lose their comparative advantage in technology to countries who would have access to enhanced and innovative technology to produce at a much cheaper cost. When one country is able to be more efficient in producing one good or service compared to a different country, a comparative advantage has occurred. This usually takes place when a country is able to focus and specialize in a product or service so they will have a stronger dominance in what they do. The United States have exceeded in creativity and innovation, which accounts for the advantage in technology (Macroeconomics, 24-38). The U.S. also has a trade surplus in services and is the forerunner in the worlds’ service exports (Global Trade in Services, 84). The United States technological innovations are evident with computers, military equipment, aerospace, and medical technology. Exports of technology included in capital good and consumer exports total around 64%, with imports of similar goods at 62.4% (World Factbook, CIA).Show MoreRelatedEssay about Advanced Biomedical Devices Case Study955 Words   |  4 PagesAdvanced Biomedical Devices Case Study Global market opportunities will help a firm gain more opportunities, establish factories, enter a collaboration with a foreign partners that will help the firm overall with its goals, and help improve performance. For the case with Advanced Biomedical Devices, ABD, the question was whether the company was ready or not to internationalize it’s company and start exporting its products to foreign locations. Already being successful in the United States, ABD’sRead MoreNew Technology : A Better Or Better Than Better Efficient Friendly Technology? Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesmore relevant- or urgent- than with energy† – Barack Obama. (Seattle Times, Van Jones). An advanced market is beginning to emerge from a strong drive for cleaner and greener technology, especially in dealing with energy production. Green technology is currently in the infant stages with several countries competing to create new technology in a competitive, cost effective way. 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If you’re using an e-book without page numbers, include the section title and paragraph number. (YOUR WORD COUNT-50 words max.): Ford argues that a robot comprehends slower than a human does in a manufacturing setting. He states that in a warehouse, the robot would take time to adjust to the setting and â€Å"ponders some more† before lunging forward and grabbing a box from the pile (Ford, 2015, pg. 2). Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the argument (YOUR WORD COUNT-200Read MoreEcon103 Finalpaper1418 Words   |  6 Pagesissue with other advanced countries. It states that in recent years, middle class families in America were receiving meager raised income than counterparts were around the world, and most of American families were receiving unequally income. Those income data were analyzed by LIS, a group that maintains the Luxembourg Income Study Databases, and by The Upshot, a New York Times website covering policy and politics, and also reviewed by outside-academic economists. 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Romeo and Juliet is a charcteristic of Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet is a charcteristic of Shakespeare Essay Romeo and Juliet (RJ) is very characteristic of a Shakespearean play because of its recurring themes, language and diction, and story of a tragedy. Much like Hamlet and The Tempest, Shakespeare incorporates themes such as family rivalries, father and daughter relationships, revenge, and obedience vs. disobedience. One theme that tips RJ off to be a Shakespearean play is the rivalry between and inside families. In RJ, a rivalry exists between the two major families of Capulet and Montague. In addition, there is a hatred children have toward parents. Juliet rebelling against her father can be compared to Hermia rebelling against Egeus in A Midsummer Nights Dream. In this example, Romeo is Lysander, the one whom the girl truly loves, while Paris is Demetrius, the one whom the parents want her to marry. Much like Hermia and Lysander, Romeo and Juliet try to run away and elope without their parents knowing. Another obvious theme, which is tied into the previous example, is love. Just as Juliet loves Romeo, other relationships include Hermia and Lysander, Miranda and Ferdinand (The Tempest), and Ophelia and Hamlet (Hamlet). Another recurrent theme is the creation of a fantasy world. In R;J, the costume party is much like a fantasy world with the decorative house, fireworks in the sky, and uncontrollable partying of the colorful guests. Another Shakespearean imaginary world is in A Midsummer Nights Dream where the forest is a place in which the fairies roam and rule. One more theme apparent in Shakespearean plays including RJ is that of revenge. In a mad rage, Romeo kills Tybalt because he kills his best friend, Mercutio.The whole plot of The Tempest deals with Prospero devising a complicated plan just to gain revengeon his brother, Alonso, and his party. In Hamlet, Hamlets whole purpose in the play is avenging his fathers murder, and the story centers on the way he goes about it. The very language and diction of RJ easily shows how the play is Shakespeares. The usage of metaphors, similes, and archaic language are marks of a Shakespearean play. Another factor is how the characters are one-sided at times. Romeo is mainly an emotional person drawing a parallel to Miranda also being only emotional. The fact that R;J is a tragedy is characteristic of Shakespeare. Other tragedies that Shakespeare wrote toward the end of his career include Hamlet and The Tempest. R;J can easily be spotted as a play by William Shakespeare by anyone who has a basic knowledge of his plays. The primary reason is because Shakespeare tends to recycle his themes in each play he makes. Another reason is the poetic yet archaic language he uses in all his works. Despite the more up-dated movie version of R;J, it still can be seen as Shakespeares just on the basis of themes alone.

Evaluation of The Monetary Policy Stabilizing The Euro Currency

Question: Describe about the Evaluation of The Monetary Policy for Stabilizing The Euro Currency. Answer: Introduction The European central bank is a part of the euro system and is responsible for maintain and framing and implementing the euro system monetary and economic policy. The European central bank has the responsibility of area comprising of twelve various countries having different economic and cultural background. The main and primary objective of ECB is to maintain the price stability so that the purchasing power of the single currency is preserved. The mission of the central bank of Europe is to safeguard the value of euro and maintaining the price stability and thus serving the people of Europe (Oldani 2012). The ECB contributes to the banking system in terms of its soundness and safety. Specific tasks are carried out by the central bank in various areas such as macroprudential policy, bank notes, financial stability and banking supervision including the international cooperation. The bank is primarily held accountable for the representation of the European citizens. As such, its primary responsibility is the financial welfare of the European citizens in the country . Therefore, it is necessary that the transparent and the honest financial policies to prevent any discrepancy and threats that can harm the financial condition of the business entity. The framework of the ECB has faced substantial changes due to the transfer of the monitory policy at the community level (Belke and Volz 2015). The European central bank works with all European Union countries national banks. The cooperation between the central banks leads to the creation of the Euro system. It comprises of the three governing bodies and this includes Governing council, General council and the Executive board (Albu et al. 2014). The role of the Governing council is to define the monetary policy of Euro zone and is responsible for fixing the interest rate that is the lending rate of the commercial banks from the European Central bank. The General council contributes to the coordination of work, advise and prepare the new countries in joining the euro (Alessi et al. 2014). The executive board is responsible for implementing the monetary policies and it has power, which is exercised due to the delegation by the Government council. The day to day operations is managed by the executive board and is responsible for preparing the meeting of the Government council (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The strategies followed by ECB in maintain the price stability comes from the monetary policy and it is based on the quantitative definition of the same. The policy is then channeled through the transmission mechanism to the real economy (Allard et al. 2013). The monitory policy intentions and the interest rates are steered through a set of procedures and instruments such as standing facilities, open market operations, deposit facilities, and maintaining minimum reserve requirement (Aysan et al. 2014). The bank has conducted the monetary policy using the standards measures from the very beginning when it came into existence until the time of global crisis. On the other hand, the non-standard measures used by the ECB include program related to securities market, outright monetary transactions and the program of purchasing assets (Bauer and Neely 2014). However, such non-standard measures faced criticism along with the praise that it received. The bank has the authority of producing th e euro banknotes. It is also responsible for managing the foreign currencies reserves of Eurozones and also balances the exchange rates by intervening in the selling and buying of the currencies so as to stabilize the home currency (Allard et al. 2013). The framework of European Central Bank and Euro system The European Union is a common economic and monetary union and the responsibility of the monetary policy with the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the European Central Bank (ECB). The basis of the common monetary policy is laid down in the Treaty of European Union and the statue of European System of Central Banks and of the European Central (Belke and Volz 2015). The formal aspect of the ECBS has two levels the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the member states and this together constitutes the euro system. The functioning of Euro system is governed by the principles of decentralized execution of monetary policy (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). The European Central Bank is responsible for coordinating the operations and the National Central Banks are responsible for carrying out the transaction like providing funds to the bank, settlement of payments and management of foreign reserve operation (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). Objectives of the Euro system The Euro System constitutes both the European Central bank and the national central banks of the member states (Campiglio 2016). The primary objective of the Euro system is to maintain price stability. To attain this objective the European Central Bank and the associated national central banks supports the general economic policy for sustainable development of Europe based on the equitable economic growth and stability of the price (Carpenter et al. 2014). Task of the European Central Bank euro system The responsibility of the European Central bank along and the overall Euro system are the following (Carpenter et al. 2013): Understanding and implementing the monetary policy; Monitoring and conducting of foreign exchange operation; Management of the euro area foreign currency reserves; Implementing the smooth operation of payment system across Europe; In addition to this European Central Bank is also responsible for supervision of banking system, bank notes, statistics and financial stability along with the international and European cooperation (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The Monetary policy of European Central Bank The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability and it is the single most important monetary policy for which it exists. In order to achieve this objective the implementation of ECBs monetary policy is depended on two pillars (Chen et al. 2012). The first pillar is the monetary policy strategy and the second pillar is the operational framework. The monetary policy strategy determines the level of interest that is required to maintain price stability over the medium term (Claeys et al. 2014). The operational framework is the instruments and procedures that European Central Bank uses to achieve its desired rate of interest (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The ECBs monetary policy strategy ECB follows a strategy of analyzing the risk in the euro zone with respect to price stability. The strategy includes a quantitative analysis of price stability along with the economic and the monetary analysis of risk to price stability in the region (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). These are the two main elements that provide the ECB with the framework for assessment of information and decision-making (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). Price Stability It is the primary objective of the European Central Bank but it is not specifically stated in the treaties. Therefore, to obtain clarity the ECB has decided to define the price stability quantitavely (Fiore and Tristani 2013). In definition, it provides that its aim is to maintain inflation below or close to 2% in medium terms. The definition has helped to increase the clarity and transparency of the ECBs monetary policy (Galati and Moessner 2013). It aims to maintain the price stability for the medium term. It is justified that the policy focuses on medium term because there is a time lag between formulation of monetary policy and the effect of actual changes in the price level (Goodhart 2014). If the monetary policy were framed for short term then it would create price volatility instead of price stability (Henning 2015). Economic and monetary analysis The monetary policy decision of the European Central Bank is based on the economic and monetary analysis. The economic and monetary analysis both are complementary to each other (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The economic analysis focuses on short term whereas the monetary analysis focuses on the medium term. They both act as cross checks to reduce the policy error caused by over reliance on single model (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). Economic Analysis The economic analysis focuses on the assessment of the current economic and financial trends. It also analyses the short to medium term risks that the economic and financial conditions presents for the price stability (Joyce et al. 2012). The main objective of the analysis is to identify the shocks that affect the economy. The analysis are based on the trends in the global economy, development in productions, demand for services and goods, conditions of the labor market and the financial market conditions (Kirkegaard 2014). In addition to this, the ECB also carries out several surveys that provide additional input into the economic analysis (Kuhn and Stoeckel 2014). Monetary Analysis The analysis of the monetary policy focuses on the medium to long term. In this detailed analysis of monetary and credit trends along with the implications for inflation and economic growth are studied (Lane 2012). The Monetary policy instruments of ECB The European Central bank uses various monetary transmission mechanisms through which the monetary policies are channelized to affect the price level and the economy in particular (Merler and Wolff 2013). It is done in two stages the first stage is to change the interest rate which in turn affects the market interest rate, asset prices, exchange rate and the credit situation in general (Moravcsik 2012). The second stage is the affect that changes in the first stage has on the overall spending ability of the households, firms and companies. The main instrument the European Bank has to affect the economy is the official interest rate (Oldani 2012). The rates that are determined by the ECB are the interest rate on main refinancing operations, the rate on the deposit facility and the rate on the marginal lending facility. The ECB has also various introduced non-standard policy measures after the recent financial crisis (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The framework of operation has the following set of instruments open market operations, standing facilities and minimum requirement of reserve to be maintained by the credit institutions (PolaÅ„ski 2016). Open market operations The open market operations perform an important role in steering interest rates, it also helps in managing the liquidity of the market and it signals the stance on monetary policy. Five types of instrument are available in the euro zone for open market operations (Reichlin 2013). The most important instrument among them is the reserve transactions that are conducted in the form of repurchase agreement or as a collateral loan (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The other instruments it uses are outright transactions, debt certificates, fixed term deposits and foreign exchange swaps (Szczerbowicz 2015). The ECB initiates open market operations and it decides the terms and conditions of the instrument. The open market operations are executed based on bilaleteral procedures, standard tenders and quick tenders (Van Rompuy 2012). There are primarily four types of open market operations main refinancing operations, long term refinancing operations, fine-tuning operations and structural operations. The main refinancing operations are liquidity providing transaction conducted by ECB (Wallace et al. 2015). It plays an important part in fulfilling the objectives of the ECB and it is responsible for the largest share of refinancing to the financial sectors. The longer term refinancing has longer maturity time than the main refinancing operations (Welfens 2012). The primary objective of longer term refinancing is to provide additional refinancing for the long-term and to serve other objectives of monetary policy (Friedman 2015). The fine tuning operations have the option to be executed on ad hoc basis so that the liquidity situation in the market could be managed by steering interest rates. This are executed normally through tenders or bilateral procedures (Albu et al. 2014). The structural operations are conducted through reverse transactions, out right transactions and the issue of the debt certificates. Standing facilities The aim of the standing facility is to provide and absorb liquidity, provide a general overview of the monetary policy and to bind market interest rates. There are two standing facilities that are administered by National Central Bank and they are marginal lending facility and deposit facility (Alessi et al. 2014). The marginal lending facilities helps to obtain overnight liquidity from the National Central banks against assets that are eligible. The interest rates on the marginal lending acts as the threshold limit for the overnight market interest rate. The deposit facilities can also be used to make overnight deposits with the National Central Banks (Allard et al. 2013). Minimum Reserves The minimum reserve is the integral aspect of the operational framework of the monetary policy of the euro zone (Aysan et al. 2014). The main purpose of the minimum reserve system is to satisfy the objective of stabilizing the interest rates and to create a shortage in liquidity in a structural manner. The reserves to be maintained by various institutions are determined by the position of their balance sheet (Bauer and Neely 2014). Asset Purchase Programmes The expanded Asset purchase program addresses the risk of prolonged period of low inflation. It consists of public sector purchase program, third covered bond purchase programme and asset backed securities purchase programme (Belke and Volz 2015). Strategies used by the central government to stabilize Euro currency: Euro has acquired a significant position in the international market but this leads to face euro with the challenges of the economic policies. As a denomination of the issues relating to international level, euro has a prominent role (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). One of the primary objectives of the European central bank is to maintain stability in the price. ECB based its monetary policy in reference to the stabilizing the currency into two pillars. The first focuses on the shorter term and the second focuses on the medium to long term (Carpenter et al. 2014). A number of external factors and domestic factors determine the exchange rate. When there is a change in interest rate, which is when the interest rate rise, the domestic currency becomes more attractive to the international investors (Bradley 2014). This leads to the appreciation of currency. The change in exchange rate affects the inflation of any country and this is due to the lower price of imported goods. The competitiveness of the domestic product gets affected when the currency is appreciated or depreciated (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). The monetary policy has a transmission mechanisms and it consists of various channel thorough which price is stabilize (Henning 2015). The exchange rate channel is one of such channel that affects the exchange rate help in stabilizing. The monetary policy concerning the exchange rate does not embodies the target of euro rate and it mainly focuses on the price stability and its maintenance in the euro is facilitated by the strategies of the policies regarding the exchange rate (Campiglio 2016). The general strategy is to rule out the implicit or explicit rate of euro. The policy adhered by ECB is of benign neglect during a phase when there was a euro vis--vis dollar depreciation in the year 1999 (Carpenter et al. 2014). Since the birth of the European central bank, the fundamental principle guiding the strategy of the bank has not changed significantly. Maintaining the price stability is the fundamental strategy of the European central bank (Carpenter et al. 2013). This is because the price stability is beneficial in several aspects. The central bank used the tools such as the interest rate to adjust the supply of money (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). Monetary policy is also the useful policy used by ECB for achieving the growth objectives. The instruments and tools include the development of the monetary aggregates and this is done by comprehensive analysis (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The transmission mechanism is used by the central bank that affects the price level and the economy in particular. The first stage of this mechanism consists of changes in the rate of base money or the interest rate and this ultimately affects the price level, exchange rate and the interest rate as well (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The official interest rate is the main lever the central bank has at its disposal (Bradley 2014). This is done by making provision of funds to the banks which is one of the key operations of the bank. This impacts the interest rate of the money market and this leads to the change in the expectation of the future rate of exchange. In the year 2012, the European central bank announced the program of sovereign bond purchasing called Outright Monetary transactions and the objective of this program was to repair the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy so that the homogenous credit conditions throughout the Euro zone is restored (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). The purchase of such type of sovereign debt is intended to reduce the risks premier regarding the possibility of reversibility of the Euro (Fiore and Tristani 2013). The other monetary policy operation that aims to absorb the liquidity overnight is the standing facilities. The standing facilities are of two types. Deposit facility mad marginal lending facility (Friedman 2015). The rate on the marginal lending facility rate is comparatively higher than the money market rate. So the only option available to the credit institutions is the deposit facility (Galati and Moessner 2013). The rate on the deposit facility and the marginal lending facility normally provides a floor and the ceiling in the money market. When the government determines the rate for the standing facilities, it is setting corridor for the rate of money market to operate (Goodhart 2014). Minimum reserves is another tools used by the European Central Bank in stabilizing the interest rate of the money market and ultimately stabilizing the euro currency. Under this tool, all banks in euro zones are required to hold minimum reserves of certain amount (Henning 2015). The amount to be kept as reserves is calculated in relation to items such as deposits in the balance sheets of the banks account (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The banks are able to stabilize the interest rate in the money market using such reserves. This is done by providing the institutions an incentive to smooth the consequences of the liquidity fluctuations, which is arising on a temporary basis (Joyce et al. 2012). This would enhance the liquidity shortage of the banking system. Through the open market operations, it would be possible for the Euro Central bank would be able to steer the rates of money market (Kirkegaard 2014). This would be because the ECB is offering liquidity to the banks at such rate, w hich is aligned to the policies of the banks, and thus the money market rate is getting influenced (Lane 2012). Quantitative easing also known as asset purchase program aims at reviving the area of economy of Euro area. This is new policy instrument and unconventional tool (Merler and Wolff 2013). Under this tool, the European Central bank purchase euro denominated and securities that are of investment grade from the European institution or the Euro area government to create new money (Moravcsik 2012). The plan is expected to have a positive impact on the performance of the economy. The process is very advance and does not involve printing of any bank notes. It is performed electronically (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The ECB increase the credit in its account by creating the money. The low or stable interest rate would prompt the investors and they would look for better yield on the bonds elsewhere. This would have impact on the domestic currency and the lower value of currency would boost the exports (PolaÅ„ski 2016). The European monetary union makes the euro area less vulnerable to the instability of the overall exchange rate. In order to stabilize the foreign exchange market, the ECB has developed a comprehensive framework of its exchange rate policy (Reichlin 2013). ECB has introduced an intervention policy by stopping the appreciation of euro and this is done by announcing the upper limit of the dollar exchange rate (Schularick and Taylor 2012). This strategy relies on the signaling channel and the portfolio balance channel of intervention. Under this type of intervention, the central bank is engaged in buying and selling of the foreign exchange and this leads to the adjustments of the portfolio of the private sector (Van Rompuy 2012). The signaling channel market information about the future monetary policy is provided by the central bank and this stabilizes the expectations of the exchange rates (Welfens 2012). This intervention policy has two directions and they are: When the euro appreciates, the central bank tries to limit the appreciation. The bank buys foreign exchange against the deposits of central bank, which it cannot supply with the quantitative limit (Galati and Moessner 2013). The intervention of ECB forms preventing the appreciation of Euro vis--vis dollar. The rates of the domestic money market that is required to maintain the stability of price in the Euro area, ECB has its deposits facility disposed (Henning 2015). This facility does not have any limit, so the monetary conditions cannot be affected in the euro area. The ECB tries to defend the currency against the market pressure in the event of depreciation. This type of defend is performed under the constraint of the reserves of the foreign exchange (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). However, it is utmost important to analyze the intervention policy affecting the price in the euro area. Intervention of the ECB in the foreign exchange market would have a direct impact on the monetary base (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). When the monetary base increases then there is creation of deposit facility by ECB for the specific purpose. The interest rate would determine the rate in the money market in the euro area (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). When the monetary base decreases and this happens by providing credits to the commercial banks. If the ECB operates with the marginal lending facility, such compensation would be provided automatically (Galati and Moessner 2012). There also exists bilateral arrangement of the intervention policy. The policy of unilateral exchange rate of ECB would be able to contribute to the employment and growth without affecting price stability in the euro area. When there is a uncontrolled depreciation of the exchange rate say, euro versus doll ar then the ECB has a limited room for maneuver (Henning 2015). Therefore, this calls for bilateral agreement between the euro area and another company say, United States. This would leads to the creation of exchange rate band where the euro/dollar rate would swing or the rates would fluctuate in limits (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). The difficulties of identifying the equilibrium rate of exchange would be depicted in the width of the band of the exchange rate. The intervention is carried out by ECB directly in a centralized manner. The interventions of foreign exchange can take place within the exchange rate mechanism framework that is exchange rate mechanism II. This is based on the legal documents (Kirkegaard 2014). The Evaluation of Performance of ECB The dotcom bubble busted in 2002 and the global economy faced a serious economic crisis. This event affected both the US and European economy but interestingly US markets were able to regain its strength whereas in Europe the economy continuously suffered from low growth rates (Moravcsik 2012). The main reason for this disparity in economic recovery is due to the policies of the European Central Bank. The performance of ECB between the period 1999-2000 shows that interest rates were set higher during this period (Pelizzon et al. 2016). This policy was not in accordance with the final domestic demand because increased interest rate has a cascading effect. The increased interest rate means that there will be fewer borrowings from bank by the companies, which eventually means that there will be less investment, as a result low economic growth (Reichlin 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that for the first few years the performance of the ECB was below the expectations. It can also be ar gued that ECB has performed well as it has been successful in maintaining inflation rate near 2% in the last two years of the period (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The ECB would have achieved its target of maintaining inflation below 2% but failed due to tax pull inflation. The restrictions of the stability and growth pact (SGP) are the main cause of tax pull inflation. It forces the governments either to cut spending or increase taxes in order to fulfill its objectives (Van Rompuy 2012). The ECB however cannot be directly blamed for this but it can also be said that there is a link between the monetary policy of the ECB and the SGP which cannot be completely denied. The situation started improving and by 2007, the interest rate of the ECB was completely in aligned with the domestic growth rates (Bauer and Neely 2014). The economic conditions in Europe were in upswing during this period but in 2007, a period of economic crisis again ensued. The ECB again increased its key interest ra te as a result the investment in the economy decreased (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). This policy was of ECB was criticized by different quarters as it reacted slowly in the emerging financing crisis and its policy of increasing interest rate was also criticized. In the time of crisis, the policies of the ECB to increase interest rates greatly diminished the capability of the European countries to recover from the slowdown (Campiglio 2016). The evaluation of monetary policy of ECB The most important element of the strategies implemented by the ECB is that it gives importance to money. It was important because the availability of money from the macroeconomics was diminishing during the period (Chen et al. 2012). The strategies implemented by the ECB were primarily based on the assumptions provided in the quantity theory. Therefore, it used its independence to fix a money supply rate to attain its objective of attaining price stability (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The analysis of the performance of the ECB highlights that there are few deficiencies that are needed to be addressed. It can be argued that the key interest rates set by the ECB are high and it is adversely affecting the economic growth of the Europe (Friedman 2015). The European monetary policies are not conducive and are far from being sound. The inefficient and non-transparent decision making structure of the ECB was highlighted during the recent financial crisis (Galati and Moessner 2013). The m onetary policies of the European central bank prior to the crisis contributed to the economic imbalance in the Europe. The policies during the Greek crisis were pragmatic but there is a need of reform in the governing council of the ECB so that accountability and transparency can be ensued in the system (Henning 2015). The future of the ECB is dependent on its ability to adapt with the emerging challenges within the European Union. The ECB has adopted various unconventional and untested monetary measures along with the Asset purchase program to avoid the liquidity crisis in the financial sector and to avoid break up of European Union (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The purpose of the monetary policy is to encourage the investors in taking risks. The excessive risk taking can however be the cause of future financial crisis. The lessons learned from the global economic crisis shows that the price stability by in itself could not ensure financial stability (Joyce et al. 2012). Therefore, a broad Conesus has emerged financial stability should be addressed ex ante. It can be said that monetary policy is not helpful in addressing the financial crisis it should primarily focus to its main objective of maintain price stability (Lane 2012). The credibility of the ECB is based on the fulfilling of this objective. The steps for reforming ECB The monetary policy of the ECB has failed to meet the targets and it failed to tap the full growth potential of the European economy. Many attempts have been made to reform the European Central Banks functioning by the academic writers (Reichlin 2013). The most common proposal is to introduce more accountability and to make the administrative system of ECB more democratic. There is also a need to provide the right to the European parliament to define price stability in order to make it more accountable (Szczerbowicz 2015). This would not only make the decision making democratic but also provide a higher legitimacy to the decision. The second proposal is to reform the decision making process of the ECB. The restructuring of the council is therefore needed for smooth functioning (Van Rompuy 2012). A system of rotation should be implemented by reserving the permanent seats for few large countries so that the discourse is not only dominated by smaller countries (Welfens 2012). Conclusion In the report it is presented that, the ESCB has two level systems they are European Central bank and the National Central Banks. In this two level structure the ECSB overlooks the joint existence of the ECB and the national Central Banks. The ECB also has legal personality status that helps to fulfill its aims and the monetary policy targets. In order to achieve this aim it has a wide range of monetary policy instruments. They are open market operations, standing facilities, creation of the minimum reserves etc. The aim of these instruments is to influence the market interest rates and the liquidity of the financial sector in order to guide the monetary policy. These policy instruments have been playing a pivotal role in the development of the banking system in the domestic and the international market. The decision making power is in the hands of the ECB but the implementation of it depends on the national banks. The economic philosophy of the European Central Bank is that in the long run the real economy is not determined by the available liquidity. The primary objective of the monetary policy is to achieve short-term price stability and thereby achieving economic growth. The ECB intervenes in a centralized manner to affect the price of the euro zone. This intervention is done within the foreign exchange rate mechanism framework. The evaluation of the historical performance of ECB shows that in time of crisis the policies of the ECB was helpful. At the same time this policies also slowed down the recovery rate of the economy. Reference Albu, L.L., Lupu, R., Călin, A.C. and Popovici, O.C., 2014. The Effect of ECB's Quantitative Easing on Credit Default Swap Instruments in Central and Eastern Europe.Procedia Economics and Finance,8, pp.122-128. Alessi, L., Ghysels, E., Onorante, L., Peach, R. and Potter, S., 2014. Central bank macroeconomic forecasting during the global financial crisis: the european central bank and federal reserve bank of new york experiences.Journal of Business Economic Statistics,32(4), pp.483-500. Allard, J., Catenaro, M., Vidal, J.P. and Wolswijk, G., 2013. Central bank communication on fiscal policy.European Journal of Political Economy,30, pp.1-14. Aysan, A.F., Fendoglu, S. and Kilinc, M., 2014. Managing short-term capital flows in new central banking: unconventional monetary policy framework in Turkey.Eurasian Economic Review,4(1), pp.45-69. Bauer, M.D. and Neely, C.J., 2014. International channels of the Fed's unconventional monetary policy.Journal of International Money and Finance,44, pp.24-46. Belke, A. and Volz, U., 2015. The strong Euro: challenges for the European central bank and implications for the global economy.AEI Insights,1(1), pp.53-68. Bennani, H. and Neuenkirch, M., 2015. The (Home) Bias of European Central Bankers: New Evidence Based on Speeches.University of Trier Research Papers in Economics, (16/14). Bradley, C., 2014. Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: The Interconnection Problem in Financial Markets and Financial Regulation, a European (Banking) Union Perspective.Tex. Int'l LJ,49, p.271. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2012.Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Campiglio, E., 2016. Beyond carbon pricing: The role of banking and monetary policy in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy.Ecological Economics,121, pp.220-230. Carpenter, S., Demiralp, S. and Eisenschmidt, J., 2014. The effectiveness of non-standard monetary policy in addressing liquidity risk during the financial crisis: The experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,43, pp.107-129. Carpenter, S.B., Demiralp, S. and Eisenschmidt, J., 2013. The effectiveness of the non-standard policy measures during the financial crises: the experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Cassola, N.E. and Koulischer, F., 2014.The collateral channel of monetary policy: Evidence from the European central bank. Tech. rep. Chen, Q., Filardo, A.J., He, D. and Zhu, F., 2012. International spillovers of central bank balance sheet policies.BIS paper, (66p). Claeys, G., Darvas, Z., Merler, S. and Wolff, G.B., 2014. 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Macroprudential policya literature review.Journal of Economic Surveys,27(5), pp.846-878. Goodhart, C.A.E., 2014. Lessons for monetary policy from the euro-area crisis.Journal of Macroeconomics,39, pp.378-382. Henning, C.R., 2015. The ECB as a strategic actor: Central banking in a politically fragmented monetary union.C. Randall Henning," The ECB as a Strategic Actor: Central Banking in a Politically Fragmented Monetary Union," in Europe's Crises: Economic and Political Challenges of the Monetary Union, edited by James A. Caporaso and Martin Rhodes (New York: Oxford University Press, Forthcoming). Howarth, D. and Hgenauer, A.L., 2016. Unconventional Monetary Policies and the European Central Bank's Problematic Democratic Legitimacy.Zeitschrift fr ffentliches Recht (Journal of Public Law),71(2), pp.1-24. Howarth, D. and Quaglia, L., 2013. Banking Union as Holy Grail: Rebuilding the Single Market in Financial Services, Stabilizing Europe's Banks and CompletingEconomic and Monetary Union.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(S1), pp.103-123. Joyce, M., Miles, D., Scott, A. and Vayanos, D., 2012. Quantitative easing and unconventional monetary policyan introduction.The Economic Journal,122(564), pp.F271-F288. Kirkegaard, J.F., 2014. Why the European Central Bank Will Likely Shrink from Quantitative Easing.Real Time Economic Issues Watch, Peterson Institute, January,15. Kuhn, T. and Stoeckel, F., 2014. When European integration becomes costly: the euro crisis and public support for European economic governance.Journal of European Public Policy,21(4), pp.624-641. Lane, P.R., 2012. The European sovereign debt crisis.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(3), pp.49-67. Merler, S. and Wolff, G.B., 2013. Ending uncertainty: recapitalisation under European Central Bank supervision.Policy Contribution,18. 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The Best Short Personal Essay Samples

The Best Short Personal Essay SamplesShort personal essay samples are a great way to add a unique voice to your essay, giving it a very unique and interesting flair. Often, people find that they need to look no further than their local library, because of the incredible range of essays that are published in the local magazines and newspapers.I was fortunate enough to have my own personal blog at Blogger.com for several years, and I will admit, that while I did produce some quality essays, I would have enjoyed many more, had I been able to post them on my own personal blog. That being said, some of the best essays that I have seen on blogs and other online venues include the following:One such example is from an essay written by a retired but successful executive with experience working in both government and the private sector. The story itself was fascinating, and a very unique view into the world of business and management. The reader is then provided with a preview of the rest of the story, which is now available in this article.The best of the personal essay samples you will find on blogs is one written by a young graduate student at the prestigious Harvard Business School. The presentation of the views of this student is superb and helps to put things into a new perspective. While the style is not necessarily something you want to write about in your next essay, I recommend it, as it is a great example of one that can be extremely informative and fun.There are also a lot of personal essay samples that are posted on popular blogs that will keep the reader going through the entire article. While these blogs do tend to be more niche oriented, many will feature interesting and informative stories, and they also often feature short essays in addition to the longer articles.As a final thought, one of the best personal essay samples that I have ever read was written by an ex-NFL quarterback who has been playing professionally for most of his life. The entire essa y is written in the tone of the typical football player, and while this style of writing might not be something you would find easy to replicate, it does provide a great example of the types of writing that can be found in professional and college sports articles.While there are many different personal essay samples out there, it is safe to say that the great writers that usually write for the online and print publications have found the right answer for their needs. They have found the way to give essay samples that are unique, interesting, and that tend to offer their readers something that they have never seen before.

Oedipus Rex - Bliss In Ignorance Essays (795 words) -

Oedipus Rex - Bliss In Ignorance Oedipus Rex - Bliss in Ignorance One of the most memorable and meaningful Socratic quotes applies well when in context of Sophocles' Theban Trilogy. The unexamined life is not worth living, proclaims Socrates. He could have meant many things by this statement, and in relation to the play, the meaning is found to be even more complex. Indeed, the situation of Oedipus, king of Thebes, the truth of this statement is in question. Would Oedipus have been better off if he was blind to the knowledge of his birthing and the fate which was foretold to someday befall him? Truly though, his life would have been a far better and easier path had he never known about his true origins. His life in Corinth would have been long and prosperous, and Thebes would have lived on under King Laius. In fact, everyone would have been better off in the long run if Oedipus had not ventured out beyond the walls of Corinth. So is it worth living an examined life? Socrates had made this statement long after the creation of the Theban Trilogy. In the context of his own time, this was meant to imply that life must be examined and reflected upon, known and discovered by each individual philosopher to better enrich life for all. Yet in terms of Sophoclean drama, specifically Oedipus Rex, this was meant in a vastly different way. The unexamined life was one that was in the dark, unknown as to what fate lied beyond every turn and irony of living. Oedipus, up to the point in which he heard the comment in the tavern in Corinth, lived an unexamined life. To Socrates, he was an unfulfilled man, one who deserved to know more, one who not complete. However, in a much less metaphysical sense, Oedipus' life was complete, in that he had all that he needed, and was living a happy and fruitful life. As the drama progresses, he finds out more and more, learning exactly what the implications of his birth was, he suffers the fate for examining his life. So what Socrates had meant, that the life which was not rich with self exploration and reflection was not worth living, was indeed different than its application in terms of Oedipus, who's life was unexamined, yet complete. The question arises, what would life have been like, if Oedipus had not discovered his true origins? If he had stayed in Corinth, would this have ever happened? We find that indeed, we would have had no story, if not for that lone comment of a drunkard which sparked the fire of rebellion in the young prince Oedipus. He ventured out to Delphi, to pry knowledge of his background out of it, and to discover if this was indeed the truth, despite the fact that his adopted parents of Corinth had assured him of it falseness. Oedipus leaves Corinth, fulfilling the Socratic idea of the unexamined life. However, we must evaluate the eventual consequences of his actions and the implications which they possess. What becomes of his fateful journey out of Corinth leads to the downfall of an entire city and family line. If he had not murdered King Laius, the Sphinx would have never descended upon Thebes, he would have never fulfilled the prophecy, and all would have lived on in a relative peace and tranquillity. Once examining these aspects of the relationship between the quote and Oedipus Rex, we can come to a final examination of its implications. The question which was addressed, that of the value of the examined life, can be answered. Indeed, if Oedipus had not ventured beyond the protective walls of his adopted home, would anything such as what occurred in the play ever have transpired? If Oedipus had not pursued that answers to the mysteries that plagued him, despite the pleading warnings of I?casta, in fact his life would have been contented and happy. Instead, he follows the Socratic method of exploration and discovery, and proceeds down the path of pain and distraught. Was, after it was over, all worth it? We find that no, it was not. Being content and suited with what he knew of himself would have saved Oedipus and his children/siblings much agony. However, in the typical Greek tragedy, we must see his fall from grace through, which is indeed what happens. In the bliss of ignorance, much pain and difficulty is averted. For what worries does the ignorant man have? In the case of Oedipus, ignorance would have suited him fine. The Socratic quote the unexamined life is

How to Write Family and Consumer Science Term Paper The Guide You Can’t Skip

How to Write Family and Consumer Science Term Paper The Guide You Can’t Skip Stuck with your family and consumer science term paper? Family and Consumer Science is a field of studies that focuses on relationships among people and their personal environments, taking into account the impact of biological, physical, and social environments on human development and behavior. Students who are enrolled in such programs have to learn a set of professional skills and be ready to apply their knowledge to improve the well-being of people of all ages by addressing complex problems faced by individuals, families, and communities. Every semester, students are typically assigned to complete multiple writing assignments of different types in the family and consumer sciences and a term paper is one of them. Writing a long essay or a term paper can seem to be intimidating at first but there are some basic rules of thumb that you should follow. They will make your job as a writer easier. Read this guide on how to write a family and consumer science term paper and learn the most effective strategies for completing a successful family and consumer term paper. Besides, you’ll find here a list of interesting term paper topic ideas that you can use for creating your own written projects. What Is Family and Consumer Science Term Paper? Family and consumer science term paper is actually an extended essay that is based on a profound research of scholarly sources. Like most academic papers, term papers in the family and consumer science have a basic format and include an introduction, body, and conclusion. In this guide, we’ll discuss how to write each section of your paper so keep reading. Writing a term paper is a long process that is often messy and recursive but still, it can be divided into a number of tasks: Choosing a topic; Researching a topic; Planning and outlining; Drafting and revising; Editing and proofreading the final draft. Choose a Good Family and Consumer Science Term Paper Topic When writing a term paper, you may have different options: you can pick your own topic, a topic may be assigned to you or you may be given a list of possible topics to choose from. Anyway, you will have to decide what approach to use to select a suitable topic for your term paper. It’s a very important step and you’d better choose a topic that you are interested in and that is somehow familiar to you. In this case, it will be easier for you to conduct a research and you may even enjoy doing it. But you should make sure that the chosen topic is not too broad. Otherwise, you will not be able to write a well-focused paper. That’s why you should do some background reading to understand whether your term paper topic is feasible. For example, if you are interested in interior design, you should narrow down this topic and write about contemporary interior design trends or the history of interiors. You may want to cover another aspect of this broad topic as well. Besides, you should do some preliminary research to determine whether you’ll be able to find enough resources in your library and online databases to cover your topic. When you have chosen an appropriate topic for your term paper, you should try to formulate a clear research question that will help you stay focused while doing the research and finding relevant sources. Can’t decide which topic to select for your term paper? Here is a list of amazing family and consumer science term paper topics you can choose from: Core Strategies of the Leading Luxury Brands; How Do Environmental Factors Influence Healthy Child Development? How Can Parents Support Positive Eating Behaviors of Their Children? What Is the Connection Between Sustainability and Food Safety? Key Reasons Why Parents Turn to Homeschooling; Environmental Sustainability and Family Planning; Impact of Immigration on Older Families; Basic Concepts in Interior Design; Principles of Family Finance; History of Interiors and Architecture; Safe Methods of Commercial Food Production; What Is the Role of Minerals, Vitamins, and Micronutrients in Human Nutrition? Management of Family Resources; Nutritional Management for Food Allergies; Current Trends in Family Life. Conduct a Research Like a Pro First, you can read some general resources to gain an understanding of the subject area. You may consult textbooks, specialized encyclopedias, and look through general newspaper or magazine articles. Write down different terms and phrases that define your topic. You will use them as keywords when searching for relevant scholarly books and articles. You should also think about ideas that you would like to explore in your term paper and make a preliminary outline for your research and develop a thesis statement. Now you must search for material that was published on your topic by experts in the field. You have to read the material that you can find, analyze, and evaluate it to determine how different sources can be useful for writing your term paper and developing your argument. You should use skimming and scanning techniques while determining if a source is useful. If you decide that a source is useful, you have to read it closely and take notes of some important ideas. You don’t have to write them word for word but summarize, paraphrase or use your own words to explain the key ideas. You’d better organize all the sources that you find. You can do it using index cards or on a spreadsheet. You should record essential information about every article, book, website or document that you use when doing research and writing your term paper such as the title, the author’s name, the date of publication etc. Taking notes from your sources is a crucial part of the research. You can use different methods for doing that but it’s important to clearly indicate if the ideas are your own or you derived them from the sources you are reading. That’s why you should use quotation marks to show that it is direct copying. It may be useful to group your notes by subject to organize your thoughts on a specific aspect. You should review your notes and consult your preliminary outline to ensure that you are staying within it. Wondering what type of information you should consider when taking notes? Facts or statistics to improve your argument; Quotations from original works to support your own argument; Ideas that explain the topic, issue or argument that you are investigating; Ideas that support or refute your thesis statement; Write a Working Outline The next step is to plan your term paper and create an outline that will help you keep your thoughts on the track. First, you have to develop a strong thesis statement that you will argue in your using relevant source material and convincing evidence. A good thesis forecasts the content of an academic paper and concretely announces the major elements of your topic. You will have to divide your argument into several reasonably balanced sections. You need to decide which material you will have to include or exclude. Next, you should make a list of headings and sub-headings and decide what you will include under each of them. Try to keep the system of headings simple – you may not need more than 3 levels of headings. If your term paper is not lengthy, 2 levels of headings will do. You should also decide how many words each of your term paper sections should include. For example, if you divide your 5,000-word term paper on food safety and sustainability into 5 sections, an average section will consist of about 1,000 words. You should decide if it is enough for presenting the key points in each section. Write the First Draft of Your Term Paper Use your notes and an outline to start your first draft. Keep in mind that the first draft of your family and consumer science term paper is not meant to be perfect. In fact, you will need to create several drafts before you can complete your final draft. It doesn’t matter from which section of your paper you will start writing. So start with a section that you feel more comfortable with. If you have trouble with writing a particular part of any section, skip it, and go back to later. You may also find that there are some difficult areas that you’ll need to rewrite later. You should ensure that your term paper has the following basic elements: The introduction that introduces your thesis statement and informs what you are going to discuss and how you are going to structure your paper; The main body that gives key points and evidence to support your thesis statement. The conclusion that summarizes your argument and ends your term paper on a convincing note Read on to find some tips on how to write the main parts of your term paper. Introduction Your introduction doesn’t have to be long but it should include some essential elements. You have to begin it with an attention grabber, for example, a story, statistic, fact or historical context; You can also give an overview of the specific problem or provide the background information on your topic; Besides, you should define the key terms that will help your readers understand the topic. For example, when writing about child development, you may want to explain such terms as Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, domains of development, core competencies, least restrictive environment, intentional teaching; If your term paper is argumentative, you can also present the primary opposing views; You must end your introduction with a strong thesis statement which may be 1 or 2 sentences in length. Main Body In the body, you need to clearly present the key points that you have outlined in the thesis statement and provide good explanations, details, and examples to support all your points. When writing an argumentative family and consumer science term paper, you need to mention counterarguments and refute them. It’s important to use strong evidence from credible sources to support the major points. Your paper should include quotations, summaries, and paraphrases with proper referencing according to the citation style specified by your instructor (MLA, APA, Harvard, Chicago or other). Never put all the information into one big section. Instead, you should divide the body of your term paper into a number of sections using an overarching principle and begin each section with an explanation of its purpose. Use clear section headings to guide your readers and help them understand how the argument is developing. Headings are used to break the term paper topic into its natural parts so you should use them carefully in the same way as you use topic sentences in the paragraphs, organizing your thinking for the sake of your audience. Conclusion In this part of your paper, you have to restate your thesis statement using different words and summarize all the major points presented in the body in a concise manner. You can also explain the significance of your findings and give suggestions for further research. Don’t include any new arguments in your conclusion. Revise, Edit, Proofread: Final Steps even Our Writers Don’t Skip When you have completed your first draft, you should look over it. A good idea is to wait a few days so that you’ll be able to be objective when revising it. You have to review your draft several times and try to determine if your argument is clear to your reader. You should check the content and logical flow of sentences and paragraphs, making improvements where necessary.   Make sure that all your paragraphs begin with a topic sentence and that there are transitions between the paragraphs. You should also pay particular attention to proper citation and referencing to avoid plagiarism. Make sure that you consistently use one system of citation. Attention to details at this early stage can save you tons of time in the long run. When editing your family and consumer science term paper, you should rewrite unclear passages and delete irrelevant words and sentences. You have to check your vocabulary and avoid inappropriate words or slang. Finally, you need to check grammar, punctuation, and spelling and eliminate typos if there are any.